“不X”结构语法化的不对称性

The Asymmetry in“bùX”after Grammaticalization

近代汉语时期有7个"不X"结构的副词,按照语法和语义可分为三类:不免类、不成类和不必类。这三类副词语法化后显得并不整齐,不是全部变为否定副词,也不是全部变为语气副词。"不成类"在语义同于"不必类",最后的发展却同于"不免类"。造成这种参差局面的原因是语法化后"不X"结构的否定义是否存在。如果"不X"在发展过程中本身能消除结构中的否定义或者能将否定义转化到句子层面,它就可以变为语气副词;否则,只能是否定副词。

There were seven adverbs with the structure ＂bu X＂ in premodern Chinese. They can be classified into three categories on the basis of their syntax and semantics, bumian,bucheng and bubi. Their grammaticalization does not result in the same grammatical and semantic functions, they do not all become negative adverbs or modal adverbs. The difference relies on the presence or absence of neg- ative meaning in them.