德国《可再生能源法》2014年最新改革解析及启示

Analysis of German EEG 2014 Reform and What China Can Learn

德国政府计划于2014年对可再生能源支持政策进行全面改革,此次改革仍保留了《可再生能源法2012》的整体架构,重点是要控制非水电可再生能源的补贴成本。采取的主要措施包括控制风电、光伏和生物质发电年度装机容量增长目标,补贴重点侧重更加经济有效的可再生能源类型(即陆上风电和光伏),上网电价递减率与年度新增装机容量挂钩的灵活限额机制,调整上网电价递减周期等。同时通过直接营销和拍卖等市场机制,让可再生能源更加融入市场。这标志着德国可再生能源的发展进入到引导投资和重点扶持的新阶段。建议借鉴德国《可再生能源法》完善我国可再生能源支持政策,包括针对不同可再生能源的技术特点制定完善的、自适应的上网电价模型,顺应技术发展规律实行"老机老电价、新机新电价"的电价调整机制,不断提高补贴手段的市场化和有效性等。

The German government plans to fully reform Germany＇s renewable energy supportive policies in 2014.The reform will retain the overall framework of the Renewable Energy Law 2012 and the focus of the reform is to control the amount of subsidies for non-hydropower renewable energy sources.The main measures to be taken will include setting annual targets for the control of the growth of installed capacities of wind power,PV and biomass generators and skewing subsidies towards more economic and effective renewable energy types such as onshore wind power and PV capacities.The country will also introduce a flexible quota system which links on-grid power tariff declining rates with the amount of annually added generating capacities and adjust the cycle of progressively reducing on-grid power tariffs.In addition,other market mechanisms such as direct marketing and auction will be introduced to better accommodate renewable energy into the market. This reform marks the entry of Germany＇s renewable energy development into a new stage characterized by guided investment and prioritized support.This article suggests China learn from Germany＇s Renewable Energy Law to improve its policy incentives for renewable energy,including developing well-functioning and selfadaptive on-grid power tariff models for different renewable energy sources according to their technical characteristics,establishing a power price adjusting mechanism in line with the law of technical development,in which existing prices will be implemented for old generators and new prices will be implemented for new generator, and continuing to improve the marketization and effectiveness of subsidization.