定窑遗址考古出土制釉原料的探析

Raw Materials for Making Glaze Excavated in Ding Kilns Site

定窑是宋代五大名窑之一,是北方地区制作白瓷的重要窑口。2009-2010年的定窑考古发掘,除了出土大量各时期的瓷器和窑具以外,还在作坊区、灰坑等处出土了一系列制瓷原料。本文利用X射线荧光波谱法、X射线衍射法、Rietveld全谱拟合物相定量法分析了与制釉相关原料的元素组成及物相,并采用高温加热实验观察烧后样品的颜色和耐热性能。分析结果表明定窑考古出土的制釉原料有三种:硅质原料、钙质原料和高岭土原料,并根据化学成分得到了定瓷釉的理论配比。定窑配釉也使用了"釉灰加釉石"的方式,与文献记载的南宋景德镇和明代龙泉地区相近。定窑的此种配釉工艺可能在北宋晚期就已存在,从而把"釉灰加釉石"的配釉工艺提前到北宋晚期。

Ding ware is one of the five famous porcelain wares of the Song dynasty and the Ding kilns were well known for producing white-glazed porcelain in north China. In an archaeological excavation conducted at the Ding kilns sites in 2009 and 2010, in addition to a large quantity of porcelain shards and kiln tools, raw materials were excavated in workshop areas and waste pits. In this paper, chemical and mineralogical compositions of raw materials used to make glazes are analyzed using WDXRF, XRD and Rietveld method. The colours and refractoriness of the samples have been observed after being heated in electric furnace. The results show that raw materials for making glazes can be divided into three groups： siliceous materials, calcareous materials and kaolin clay. Their theoretical ratios are calculated according to chemical compositions. It is found out that you^ui （plant ash） and youshi （stone or clay） were used to make glazes of Ding ware, similar to methods used in Jingdezhen during the Southern Song and in Longquan during the Ming. Probably, such technique was already used in the Ding kilns in the late Northern Song. That means the invention of the ＂youhui and yousbi＂ glaze making technique should not be later than the late Northern Song.