“单方化”共犯制度思维及其现实意义

Unilateral Mode of Accomplice System and its Practical Implication

关于如何为参与犯设定处罚条件和处罚原则,"区分制"共犯制度模式下存在"主体间"和"单方化"两种理想类型意义上的思维方式。"主体间"思维借助犯罪参与者之间是否形成合同共犯的关系为参与犯设定处罚条件,根据参与犯应受谴责性程度上的对比关系设定轻重有别的参与犯处罚原则。"单方化"思维则直接考虑"单个的犯罪参与人在何种条件下应当受到刑罚处罚"来设定参与犯处罚条件,同时设定所有的参与犯均适用同一的刑罚幅度。在定罪问题上,"主体间"思维面临片面共犯、结果加重犯的共犯、教唆、帮助自杀等问题上的论证困难,同时可能导致参与犯处罚范围的不当扩大。在参与犯处罚问题上,以"作用大小"作为参与犯应受谴责程度区分标准的"主体间"制度设定,难以摆脱"主从区分难题"的困扰;以"参与样态"作为区分标准的"主体间"制度设定,则面临"应受谴责程度与参与样态之间难以通约"的困境。"单方化"共犯制度思维摆脱了"主体间合同共犯关系"和"主体间应受谴责程度对比关系"对参与犯定罪和量刑的影响,具有相对的合理性。

How to provide the requirements of accomplice？ What punishments should be imposed to accomplice？ There are two ideal modes serving as the resolution for these two problems：inter-subject and unilateral.Inter-subject mode utilizes cooperation relationship between participators as condition to punish individual participator,and provides different punishments according to relative blameworthiness of different participators.Unilateral mode directly uses particular participating action＇s characters to provide requirements of accomplice,and imposes same punishment for participators.No matter on criminalization or punishment discretion prong,inter-subject mode of accomplice system faces some insoluble questions respectively.On the former aspect,inter-subject mode cannot provide persuasive argument on criminalization of one-sided accomplice,the accomplice of consequentially-aggravated offense,and abettor/aider of suicide;it also possibly enlarges the scope of criminal participator.On the latter aspect,the inter—subject mode distinguishing participators＇ relative blameworthiness by role size is perplexed by ＂difficulty to assess the effect size＂ problem;the inter-subject mode distinguishing participators＇ relative blameworthiness by natural participating form is puzzled by the problem of ＂relative blameworthiness and natural participating form＂.However these puzzles do not bother unilateral mode at all,because unilateral mode gets rid of the influences from ＂cooperation relationship＂ and ＂relative blameworthiness＂ among participators.