湖南农业可持续发展中的肥料问题

Fertilizer issues of the sustainable agricultural development in Hunan Province

利用统计和调查资料数据,从省和县(市、区)层面,分析湖南省肥料资源和施用现状,揭示湖南农业可持续发展中在肥料方面存在的问题。研究表明,全省有机肥资源总量5602.26万t,生产化肥186.6万t;全省化肥施用总量249.1万t,比30年前增加157.79万t,增长1.73倍;化肥施用结构(N∶P2O5∶K2O)由2004年的1∶0.33∶0.41转变为1∶0.37∶0.48。基于湖南省肥料施用现状,阐明了化肥利用率长期低位徘徊、地区之间施肥水平差异大、肥料产业整体落后、施肥失衡危害严重和肥料市场混乱,管理难以到位等5大问题。针对这些问题,提出优化肥料产业、出台鼓励政策、改进施肥技术和坚持创新发展等4大对策建议,以期为提高区域肥料利用率,促进区域肥料产业健康发展和区域农业可持续发展提供参考。

The current status of the fertilizer resource and application in Hunan province was analyzed at the county and provincial scales, based on the census and field survey data. Our results indicated that the recent gross organic and chemical fertilizer production was almost 56.02 and 1.87 Mt, respectively, in Hunan. There were 2.49 Mt of chemical fertilizers applied in 2012, which was 1.73-fold higher than that （0.91 Mt） in 1982. The N ： P2O5 ： K2O ratio of chemical fertilization was improved from 1 ： 0.33 ： 0.41 in 2004 to 1 ： 0.37 ： 0.48 in 2012. Problems on production and application of fertilizers for the sustainable agricultural development in Hunan province were summarized as follows： low fertilizer use efficiency, high variation of fertilizer applications between different areas, lagged-far-behind fertilizer industries in all aspects, severe damages caused by the unbalanced fertilization practices, chaotic market of fertilizer industries, and insufficient management of the rural governments. To improve the use efficiency of fertilizers and to ensure the healthy and sound development of fertilizer industries and the sustainable agriculture development in Hunan, the major four practical strategies of optimizing fertilizer industries, implementing corresponding encouraging policies, improving fertilization technology, and maintaining development and innovation were therefore suggested.