不同有机无机肥配施比例对红壤旱地花生产量、土壤速效养分和生物学性质的影响

Effects of combined application of organic and chemical fertilizers on the yield of peanut,soil available nutrient and biological properties in the upland red soil in subtropical China

大田条件下,研究了不同有机无机配施比例对红壤花生旱地可培养微生物数量、土壤主要酶活性、土壤速效养分及花生产量的影响。结果表明:(1)有机肥配施花生产量显著高于其他处理,有机肥比例为40%时,荚果产量、籽仁产量、单株结果数及百粒重效果增加最明显,分别较常规施肥提高20.14%、26.92%、27.87%和7.08%;(2)有机肥配施可以显著提高土壤速效养分含量,40%有机肥在花生生育期结束后能显著提高土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量,与常规施肥相比,分别增加了17.89%、22.96%、12.57%;(3)土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌数量随着有机肥配施比例增高而增加;40%有机肥配施比常规施肥处理的细菌、真菌、放线菌数量全生育期平均值分别提高:71.62%、40.42%、43.94%。(4)施肥可以显著提高土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、蔗糖转化酶活性,其中有机无机中量配施(40%有机肥)、高量配施(60%、80%有机肥)显著高于其他处理,低量有机肥配施(20%有机肥)接近于常规施肥水平。综上表明,在等量N、P、K养分条件下,配施40%猪粪N更有利于红壤地区土壤肥力及产量的改善。

Low yield of peanut production due to low soil fertility, and environmental pollution as a result of disorderly discharge of animal excretion from large-scale animal farms. Some researchers have proposed application of animal excretions as organic manure into farmlands and hold that it a win-win solution to the problems. However, some scientists have proved that long-term excessive application of pig manure will bring about heavy metal accumulations in the soil and pollution of groundwater with nitrate ; and some others have found that application of pig manure,if low in rate, not only increases labor cost but also has little effect on yield. Hence, how to make use of organic manure properly to optimize crops in yield and soil in quality without any risk of environmental pollution has become a pressing issue. For that a filed experiment was carried out at the Yingtan National Agroecosystem Field Experiment Station located in Yujiang County, Jiangxi Province, asubtropical area of China, to tackle this problem. The experiment was designed to have six treatments, i.e. no fertilizer （CK）, conventional chemical fertilization （TO）, 80% chemical fertilizer N plus 20% manure N （T20）, 60% chemical fertilizer N plus 40% manure N （ T40 ）, 40% chemical fertilizer N plus 60% manure N （ T60 ）, and 20% chemical fertilizer N plus 80% manure N （T80）, with a view to exploring effects of application of organic manure, relative to its rate, on yield of peanut, soil available nutrient and biological properties and further-on an optimal combination of chemical fertilizer with organic manure for peanut production in this area. So this study not only has its important theoretical significance in enriching the physiological study on nutrition and quality of peanut, but also possesses some practical meaning in reducing the waste of organic manure resources and alleviating the potential risk of application of organic manure polluting the environment. Results of the field experiment are encouraging. （ 1 ） Combined application had significant effects of improving yield of peanut, the plants in Treatment T40 were the highest in pod yield, kernel yield, pods per plant, per hundred kernel weight, being 20.14%, 26.92%, 27.87% and 7.08%, respectively, higher than their respective ones in Treatment TO （2） combination application of organic and inorganic fertilizer have great influence on the soil available nutrient. After harvesting the peanut, the 3＂40 treatment of the available N, available P and available K increased by 17.89% ,22.96% ,12.57% ,respectively as compared with Treatment TO. （3） Numbers of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi were raised with the increase of amount combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer. Compared to the T0, number of the three kind of microorganism were in creased by 71.62% ,40.42% ,43.94%, respectively. （4） Fertilization can significantly enhance the enzyme activity of urease, invertase, acid phosphatase. The enzyme activity of medium （T40） and high （ T60, T80） level of combined application were much higher than that of the other treatments. The effect of low level of combined application （T20） was near to the pure inorganic fertilizer. Based on the above-described findings, it can be concluded that on the condition that equivalent N, P, K nutrients are supplied, the application of fertilizer containing 35% of N in the form of organic manure can not only turn large volumes of animal excretions into organic manure,, but also reduce the use of chemical fertilizer and improve the yield, quality and physiological properties of peanut in red soil areas, which means a great augmentation of economic value and social benefit.