不同种植方式蔬菜中农药残留的差异及污染控制研究

Difference research of pesticides residues in vegetables planting under different patterns and its environmental pollution control

采集了陕西地区不同种植方式的瓜果类、叶菜类蔬菜样品,研究了其中各种农药的残留情况,并分析了农药残留对环境的污染及其控制措施。结果表明:露地种植蔬菜与设施种植蔬菜相比,无论是农药残留检出率还是超标率都略高,两者的农药残留检出率分别为42.0%、36.5%,超标率分别为12.0%、8.2%;叶菜类蔬菜与瓜果类蔬菜相比,无论是农药残留检出率还是超标率都较高,两者的农药残留检出率分别为52.6%、29.6%,超标率分别为17.3%、5.4%;设施种植的瓜果类蔬菜和叶菜类蔬菜的农药残留检出率基本接近,而叶菜类蔬菜的农药残留超标率明显高于瓜果类蔬菜,露地种植的叶菜类蔬菜的农药残留检出率和超标率都远高于瓜果类蔬菜;设施种植蔬菜与露地种植蔬菜相比,甲胺磷、对硫磷、甲基对硫磷、毒死蜱、三氟氯氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯的残留检出率更高;瓜果类蔬菜与叶菜类蔬菜相比,毒死蜱、甲氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯的残留检出率更高;叶菜类蔬菜的农药施用浓度较高,施用农药后要间隔一定时间后再上市销售,并应采用更科学的施药方式,以减少农药在蔬菜中的残留和降低对环境的危害;一方面要开发并积极倡导使用高效、低毒、低残留的无公害农药,另一方面则要开发能够高效、快速降解残留农药的物质,同时还要进行农产品的清洁生产,以提高农产品的安全性,并降低环境中农药的残留危害。

The leafy vegetables,fruit vegetables planting in greenhouse or open field were collected in summer,autumn and winter in Shaanxi Province to study the characters of pesticides residues in vegetables.Compared with the greenhouse vegetable,the pesticides residues in open field vegetable was relative higher both at relevance rate and at over standard rate.The detectable rates in open field vegetables and in greenhouse vegetables were 42.0％ and 36.5％,and the over-standard rates were 12.0％ and 8.2％ respectively.Generally,the leafy vegetables had relative higher pesticides residues level than fruit vegetables.The detectable rates in leafy vegetables and in fruit vegetables were 52.6％ and 29.6％ separately.The over-standard rates were 17.3％ and 5.4％ respectively.For the greenhouse vegetables,the detectable rates in fruit vegetables and in leafy vegetables were almost the same,while the over-standard rates in leafy vegetables were obviously higher than in fruit vegetables.For open field vegetable,the detectable rates and over-standard rates in leafy vegetables were obviously higher than in fruit vegetables.Methamidophos,parathion,methyl parathion,chlorpyrifo,cyhalothrin and cypermethri were more likely to be detected in greenhouse vegetables,and chlorpyrifo,fenpropathrin,cyhalothr and cypermethri had the relatively higher detectable rates in fruit vegetables than in leafy vegetables.Leafy vegetables need spraying high concentrate pesticides,so a certain interval was needed for leafy vegetables on sale after pesticides application.More scientific pesticide application method should be adopted to decrease the pesticide residues in vegetables; some countermeasure were proposed to decrease the environment pollution of residue pesticide,such as applying high efficiency,low toxicity,low residue of biorational pesticide;developing novel substrate for rapid degradation of residue pesticide; implementing cleaner production of agriculture production to improve the safety of agricultural products.