农村土地产权抵质押:理论争论、现实困境和改革路径

Rural Lands as Collaterals:Theoretical Disputes,Reality Difficulties and the Reform Path

由于在法律制度上缺乏明确的支持以及相关配套制度条件不完善,农村土地是否能够成为有效的抵押品还存在争议。实践表明,在现行的制度条件下,农村土地很难独立发挥抵押融资的功能。本文总结了当前农村土地抵押的五种模式:"信用+抵押"、"保证+抵押"、"反担保+抵押"、"信托+抵押"、"土地证券化+抵押",并分析了农村土地抵押贷款的实施效果。我国农村土地产权抵押贷款融资存在抵押权确立的法律障碍、农村土地市场发育不完善、风险分散机制不健全、农村土地融资运作机构管理不规范等问题,要全面推广还存在不少困难和风险隐患。农村土地产权抵押的发展需要农村土地产权制度、农村土地管理制度、农业保险制度、农村金融政策等改革的协同推进,并建立市场化、社会化、政策性相结合的风险分散机制。

Lack of the support of law and related regulations, there are disputes about whether rural lands can be effective collaterals. Under the restrictions of the existing regulations, it is very difficult to collateralize China＇s rural lands independently. This paper summarizes the current five models of rural land collaterals： ＂credit ＋ collateral＂, ＂guarantee ＋ collateral＂,＂assurance ＋ collateral＂,＂entrusting ＋ collateral＂,＂land securitization ＋ collateral＂ . Based on related empirical studies, this paper analyzes the effects of implementing rural land collaterals. Rural land collaterals face various problems and their development suffers great difficulties and potential risks, such as legal barriers, imperfect rural land market, incomplete risk dispersive mechanism, unregulated operations of rural land financing agencies. To reform the rural land collaterals the coordinated progress of rural property rights, rural land management regulations, rural insurance regulations and rural finance policy reforms are needed.