殷卜辞所见“夷方”与帝辛时期的夷商战争

“Yifang”on the Oracle Inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty and the Wars between Shang and the Yi Tribe

有商一代,方国林立,战争频仍。其中罕有方国如"夷"这样,跨越殷墟甲骨的一至五期。"夷方"的"夷"为"尸"的借字。帝辛十祀所伐为淮夷。帝辛十祀伐夷,始于九月甲午,终于十一祀五月癸丑,历时250天。从安阳出发,十一祀正月癸卯到达攸地的边邑"永",这里是与夷方作战的前线。在攸地停留、巡守30余日,基本按原路线返回,终点是田猎区。参与伐夷的将领有妇好、侯告、望乘和戓(宾组卜辞中作或沚)、侯喜等。第一至四期征夷规模较小,到第五期帝辛十祀发动大规模征夷行动,并取得最终胜利。

During the Shang Dynasty,there were a great number of tribes and kingdoms and wars were frequent between them.Among which,'Yi'(夷)was a rare tribe that was recorded on the oracle bones from the first up to the fifth archaeological periods.'Yi'in'Yifang'(夷方)is a jiaje character of'shi'(尸).In the 10 th Year of his reign,Di Xin made military an expedition to Huaiyi.The campaign began on the Day of Jiawu(甲午)of the 9th Month in the 10 th Year of Di Xin's reign,and ended on the Day of Guichou(癸丑)of the 5th Month in the 11 th Year of Di Xin's reign,lasting 250 days in total.The Shang troop started from Anyang and on the Day of Guimao(癸卯)of the 1st Month in the 11 th Year of Di Xin's reign arrived in Yong City,which was a border area of the Kingdom of You and the front of wars against the Yifang.After over 30 days of stay and patrol,the troop went back along basically the same route to a hunting area,inscribed as on the oracle bones.Generals that took part in this campaign included Fu Hao(妇好),Hou Gao(侯告),Wang Cheng(望乘),Ge(戓)(inscribed as■ or Zhi [沚]■ on the oracle bones classified as Group Bin[宾组]),and Hou Xi.Expeditions against the Yifang during the first to the fourth archaeological periods were relatively small in scale;expedition conducted by Di Xin in the 10 th Year of his reign were massive in scale and ended in victory.