法律体系如何可能?——从公理学、价值秩序到原则模式

The Possibility of a Legal System ——from Axiomatics and Order of Values to Model of Principles

"体系"与"法律体系"的思想源远流长。从近代早期直至19世纪"非欧几何"诞生之前,严格的公理化—演绎性体系模式一直居于主导地位。20世纪以来法学领域逐渐反对法律公理(规则)的演绎方法,而转向价值论—目的论上的"内部"体系模式。当代法律理论则从规范论—道义论层面对上述两种模式加以重构,提出了规则—原则相结合的法律规范体系模式。其中,法律规则与规则之间根据逐级授权关系形成了特定的层级构造;法律原则与原则之间则形成了抽象的、没有绝对优先关系的客观价值秩序;此外,法律规则基于特定"形式原则"的支撑,通常优先于法律原则。由此得到的法律体系具有规范性、程序性与动态性,兼顾了规则的确定性与原则(价值)的开放性特征。

The idea of ＂system＂ as well as ＂legal system＂ bears a deep root in the whole history. A model of strict axiomatic-deductive system,however,had dominated a long period from the beginning of modern times,and wasn＇ t lost its influence until the discovery of so called ＂non-Euclidean geometry＂ in the nineteenth century. Accordingly, the legal scholars in twentieth century were gradually aware of rejecting the deductive method from legal axioms（or rules）,and turned to mold an ＂interne＂ system in the axiological-teleological sense. In order to reconstruct both of the foregoing models initiate the current legal theorists a new model in the norm-logical or deontological sense,i.e. a system of legal norms which including not only rules but also principles.Precisely speaking,different legal rules can be ordered into a hierarchical structure with reference to the authorizing relations between one and another;in contrary,the legal principles all connectinto an objective order of values without absolute prior relations between each other;last but not least,a legal rule reinforced by the so called ＂formal principle＂ usually foregoes other confronting legal principles. It is by this way that a normative,procedural and dynamic legal system can be established,which is characterized by its determinacy on behalf of rules as well as its openness on behalf of principles（or values）.