竞技运动中的工作记忆

Working Memory in Competitive Sports

竞技运动中的工作记忆是竞技运动认知研究中较为成熟的一个领域,对运动表现具有重要影响。现有研究主要涉及运动决策、运动表现失常和运动损伤三个方面。研究者以传统工作记忆容量测试对受试者进行容量大小区分后,分配到决策任务中,以了解工作记忆容量与决策表现间的关系。针对运动表现失常的研究表明,刻板印象威胁造成的认知资源损耗降低了工作记忆容量,为运动表现失常的解释与避免提供了新的思路。对暂时性脑震荡导致的工作记忆变化研究为进一步揭示工作记忆的脑机制提供了支持。虽然现有竞技运动中工作记忆的研究在数量上并不占优势,但在研究成果上确实有可圈可点之处。

Working Memory is widely discussed in competitive sports, especially in basketball, soccer and volleyball. The relationship between working memory and decision making, working memory and performance-inhibiting under pressure, and the affect of sport injury on working memory are discussed in this paper. The effect working memory work on decision making is investigated by decision making paradigm after grouping the participants by working memory capacity measurement, such as Automatic OSPAN and counting span task. Performance-inhibiting consequences of stereotype threat emerges for anxiety risen by negative social stereotype, which depletes limited cognitive resources and reduce the capacity of working memory. Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing （IMPACT） is used to evaluate the cognitive changes while functional magnetic resonance imaging （fMRI） observe the vividness of different brain regions during n-back test after sport-related concussions. Future researchers should focus on the function of working memory in cognitive process and transfer and explore special paradigm and measurement for sport.