极区航空导航综述

Summary of Polar Air Navigation

极区导航技术是保证极区安全可靠飞行的必要手段,通过对极区导航影响因素的分析,阐述了极区导航发展的早期面临的两个主要问题:地理经线快速收敛于极点导致无可用的航向参考线和缺少实用的可替代磁罗盘的航向跟踪测量设备。为解决上述两大难题,极区导航经历了"早期时代"、"翡翠时代"和"自动化时代"三个发展时期,最终确定格网和陀螺是当时也是目前极区导航的最佳方案。目前,惯性导航系统是极区导航的核心设备,为此着重分析了适合极区用的极圈惯导编排方案、横向惯导编排方案和格网惯导编排方案,并介绍了三种编排方案的优缺点。最后,对全文进行了总结和展望,旨在加强研究者的交流,进一步促进国内极区导航技术的发展。

The polar air navigation technique is necessary to the safe and reliable transpolar flight. The special features which introduce complications into navigation in polar regions are analyzed. Two major factors which make polar navigation more difficult than usual in early time are that the lack of practical direction reference to offset the extreme convergency of the meridians and a reliable steering reference to replace the magnetic compass. To overcome two major difficulties mentioned above, polar navigation has experienced three stages of evolution： ＂The Early Years＂, ＂The Halcyon Era＂ and ＂A Time for Automation＂. With the advent of automatic navigation devices, the grid and the gyro continue to play an essential role in global air navigation. At present, the inertial navigation system（INS） is the core equipment for transpolar flight, so three polar inertial navigation mechanizations based on new navigation frame are introduced and discussed, that is, polar circle navigation mechanization, transverse navigation mechanization and grid navigation mechanization. Finally, it summarizes this thesis, and carries on the expectation to the polar air navigation.