儒家孝德思想的历史演进及其评价

HISTORICAL EVOLUTION AND EVALUATION OF FILIAL PIETY THINKING OF CONFUCIANISM

以孔子为代表的原初形态的儒家从孝德的层次和境界、行孝的标准和原则以及孝德与仁德、孝与忠的关系角度入手,将"孝德"从个人、家庭领域扩展到社会和政治领域,从而使它成为一个丰富和完整的伦理概念。从孔子到董仲舒,"孝德"思想在理论层面上,由伦理向哲学转变;实践层面上,则由道德规范向意识形态转变。与此同时,它也遭到了不同方面的批评。对儒家孝德思想进行合理诠释和定位,不仅需要正确认识上述的两种转变,还需要从孝德自身的内在逻辑中来对其进行重新评估。

Starting from the state level, standards and principles of filial piety and the relationship between filial piety and rende, filial piety and loyalty. Confucius as the representative of the original Confucian extend filial piety to society and political fields from the indi- vidual, family areas, and thus make it a rich and full ethical concepts. From Confucius to Dong Zhong -shu, ＂filial piety＂ is trans- formed from ethical to philosophical thought at the theoretical level, from code of ethics to the ideological on a practical level. At the same time, it is criticized in different aspects. To interpret and locate filial piety of Confucian ideas reasonably, we need a correct un- derstanding of these two shifts and re - evaluation from its own internal logic.