摘要
Gene expression of the nuclear, plastid, and mitochon- drial genomes in plants is mutually dependent and highly coordinately regulated. This ensures adequate synthesis of proteins functioning in common protein complexes for organellar gene expression and energy-transducing activities in chloroplasts and mitochondria. The concept of intracellular communication includes an anterograde and retrograde signaling network between nucleus and the two organelles, enabling this interactive exchange of information essential for cellular hemostasis. By definition, the intracellular communication is based on the inter-orga- nellar reciprocity whereby the transcriptional activities in the nucleus are regulated in part by signaling pathways derived from plastids and mitochondria （retrograde sign- aling）, while the organellar gene expression is controlled by information received form the nucleus （anterograde signaling）.
Gene expression of the nuclear, plastid, and mitochon- drial genomes in plants is mutually dependent and highly coordinately regulated. This ensures adequate synthesis of proteins functioning in common protein complexes for organellar gene expression and energy-transducing activities in chloroplasts and mitochondria. The concept of intracellular communication includes an anterograde and retrograde signaling network between nucleus and the two organelles, enabling this interactive exchange of information essential for cellular hemostasis. By definition, the intracellular communication is based on the inter-orga- nellar reciprocity whereby the transcriptional activities in the nucleus are regulated in part by signaling pathways derived from plastids and mitochondria （retrograde sign- aling）, while the organellar gene expression is controlled by information received form the nucleus （anterograde signaling）.
