农业区域生产专业化、劳动分工与职业分化——源自茂名市化州杨梅镇浪山村的证据

Regional Specialization of Agricultural Production,Division of Labor and Occupational Differentiation——Evident Data from Langshan Village of Yangmei Town at Huazhou in Maoming City

单家独户或小范围的农业专业化生产可以提高劳动生产率,但必然会受农业分工的有限性制约,影响农村劳动力的劳动分工深化与职业分化。只有在农业区域生产专业化条件下,生产效率提高、交易成本降低、劳动者从中得到的收益增加,才会激励劳动者主动参与到分工与合作的进程中来。浪山村经验表明,当一个地区农业生产形成专业化,主导产业选择正确,规模报酬递增得以实现,"斯密猜想"的困境就可能缓解,其潜在的收益会激励劳动者进行劳动分工;而生产专业化的同时,也需要农户之间进行合作来降低交易成本,这必然导致农民职业进一步分化。劳动分工与职业分化水平提升反过来可以集中投资,促进技术发展和人力资本积累,进一步提高专业化水平,由此形成一个良性循环过程。

Single family or small ranges of specialization of agricultural production can increase the productivity,but it will inevitably be limited by the constraints of division of agricultural production,then affect rural division of labor and occupational differentiation.Only in the condition of regional specialization in agriculture,increasing production efficiency,reducing transaction costs and increasing earnings of workers,workers will be motivated to actively participate in the process of division of labor and cooperation.It is shown by the practice of Langshan Village that when the regional specialization in agriculture is formed and the choice of leading industry is correct,increasing returns to scale could be realized and ＂the Smith conjecture＂ dilemma may ease.Its potential gains will motivate workers to participate in the division of labor.At the same time,specialization also requires cooperation among farmers to reduce transaction costs.This will inevitably lead to further differentiation of farmers Occupation.Higher level of division of labour and occupational differentiation,in turn,can attract investment,promote technology and accumulate human capital,then it raises the level of specialization,forming a virtuous cycle.