民国元年都督选任之争

Election or Appointment: a Debate on the Way Come into Being a Dudu in the First Year of the Republic of China

辛亥革命爆发后,光复各省纷纷依据《中国同盟会革命方略》,公推都督,建立军政府或都督府,取得事实上的自治地位。南北统一后,代表北方未光复省份的参议员主导临时参议院,援引南方各省先例,通过《中华民国接收北方各省统治权办法案》,规定未独立省份督抚改称都督,并由省议会选举产生。同盟会基于制衡袁世凯形成专权的考虑,对此亦表支持。这与袁世凯中央集权外官制主张相异。各方围绕都督是由各省选举还是总统任命,激起一场论争。它的出现不仅促使袁世凯政府着力确认都督军事身份,加促军民分治政策的提出与推行,也加快了省官制的出台,并使随后方案的确定变得更加复杂。

In the aftermath of the Wuchang Uprising,those provinces that claimed independence successively established military government or governorate and publicly selected governors according to the polity prescribed by The Revolutionary Proposal the of the Chinese United League. Not long after the reunification of the north and the south,the provisional seanate predominated by senators from such conformist provinces the innorth China passed Authoriztion Act By the Republic of China on the Takeover of Administative Power of Nothern Provinces with reference to precedents in southern provinces,stipulating that governors should be elected by provincial parliaments. In order to forestall Yuan Shi- kai's dictatorship,members of the Chinese United League approved of passage of the act and thus contradicted with Yuan's suggestion of a centralized local bureaucratic system. All the three parties were involved in a fierce debate over whether governors should be elected at the local level or appointed by the central government. The emergence of this debate not only urged Yuan Shi- kai to eagerly confirm the military identity of governor,but also facilitated the presentation and promotion of the treating policy of armymen and civilians differently,furtherperplexing the subsequent controversy on the formulation of local official orders.