国家、民众与佛教:西夏崇佛的历史心理探析

Nation,masses and Buddhism:historical psychological construction of Buddha worship during Xixia dynasty

从施印佛经发愿文、西夏佛教政策等方面探析西夏统治阶层和民众阶层崇佛的不同历史心理。分析认为,西夏崇佛的推动因素有二:一是上层统治贵族的政治性提倡,二是下层民众的生活化信仰;分析还认为,统治阶层和民众阶层崇佛的心理有异同:相同之处是作为自然人都有虔诚礼佛、解脱现世苦厄的个体性宗教愿望;不同之处在于统治群体愿望的政治意味较浓,着眼于统治范围的整体,而下层民众愿望的生活味道较重,集中于摆脱自身生存困境。分析结果表明,西夏佛教的兴盛源于西夏两个阶层不同心理诉求的共同推动。

This paper analyzes different historical psychologies of Buddha worship between the ruling class and the masses in the respect of printed Buddhist scriptures,vow texts and Xixia Buddhism policy.According to the analysis,there are two main factors which promote the Buddha worship：political advocate from the upper ruling class and faith in life of the masses from the lower class.It also reveals that there are some similarities and differences between the above two classes in their subjective psychologies.Their common aspect lies in that as natural persons,they all have the religious wish to remove the suffering in their lives by paying respect to Buddha piously.Their difference lies in that there is strong political intention for the ruling class,with overall ruling scope as its focus;while there is a strong taste of life for the masses from the lower class,with getting rid of their existence dilemma as their focus.The analysis shows that the rise of Buddhism has been stimulated by the different psychological demands of two different classes in Xixia dynasty.