罗素论否定事实

Russell on Negative Fact

在罗素的相关哲学著述中,我们可以根据事物"是否具有"某种特定属性,这些特定属性是否"被知道"以及是否为主体所"感兴趣"等标准,分别从本体论、认识论和价值论角度将事实区分为肯定事实与否定事实两类。事实的逻辑结构是:事实=事物±属性;F=±G(a)或F=±R(a,b)。事实的逻辑结构决定命题的逻辑结构。事实是命题的真值制造者:真的肯定(否定)命题因指向肯定(否定)事实而真,假的肯定(否定)命题因指离肯定(否定)事实而假。因此,肯定事实是真的肯定命题之真与假的否定命题之假的制造者,否定事实则是真的否定命题之真与假的肯定命题之假的制造者。与肯定事实一样,否定事实也是人们决策和行动的客观依据。由于罗素没有将时空状态作为事实分类的标准,没有揭示出否定事实的发现机制,因而对许多否定命题的真假无法做出有效证明,他的否定事实理论有待于进一步完善。

In relevant philosophical works of Russell, we can distinguish facts as positive fact and negative fact according to criteria such as whether the thing ＂with＂ certain attributes and whether the attributes ＂known＂ by or ＂interest＂ subject from the perspective of ontology, theory of cognition and theory of values. The logical structure of fact is： fact=fact＋attributed; F=＋G（a）or F=＋R（a, b）. The logical structure of fact decides the logical structure of proposition. Fact is the true producer of value of proposition： true positive （negative） proposition is true because of pointing to positive （negative） fact; false positive （negative） proposition is false because of being away from positive （negative） fact. Therefore, positive fact is the producer of the truth of true positive proposition and the falsity of false proposition while negative fact is the producer of the truth of true negative proposition and the falsity of the false positive proposition. Same as positive fact, negative fact is the objective basis of the decision and action of man. Russell does not have special-temporal condition as the criterion to classify facts, or reveal the finding mechanism of negative fact, true or false of many of his propositions can not be proved. Therefore, his theory of negative fact needs improvement.