俄国学者关于俄国农民农奴化史的争论

The Controversies among Russian Scholars on the Enserfment of the Russian Peasantry

1861年农民改革是俄国历史上的重要事件,是19世纪六七十年代一系列"大改革"的开端。农民改革不仅影响了俄国大多数民众的命运,也在一定程度上决定了俄国此后数十年的走向。若想深入理解农民改革,就必须厘清俄国历史上的农奴制问题。自19世纪上半期开始,俄国农民农奴化史一直是俄国史学界经久不衰的话题。学者围绕俄国农民农奴化的确立和强化展开大量讨论,比较有争议的话题包括农民农奴化的确立是通过法律途径还是非法律途径、17—19世纪国家立法在强化农奴制方面所发挥的作用、导致农民农奴化的深层原因三个方面。随着新史料的发现和史学方法、史学理论的更新,俄国学者将继续在俄国农民农奴化研究上取得新的成果,推动学术研究的进一步开展。

The peasant reform in 1861 was an important event in Russian history which was the beginning of a series of'Great Reforms'between the 1860 s and the 1870 s. Not only did the peasant reform exert influence on the fate of the majority people in Russia,but also to some extent it decided the destiny of Russia in the following decades. To better understand the peasant reform,one must have a good knowledge of serfdom in Russian history. Since the first half of the 19 th century,the enserfment of Russian peasantry has been a perennial issue in the field of Russian history. The scholars have discussed a lot on the establishment and development of serfdom,among which the controversies are whether serfdom was established in a legal way,or what legalization has done to serfdom,or what underlying causes were. It is believed that Russian scholars will further the research on enserfment of Russian peasantry with the discovery of new historical materials,new research methods and theories.