民间文学体裁研究的明清遗产——民俗学人文学科建设模式讨论之一

Building Folkloristics as a School of Humanities (Part Ⅰ):On Genre Study of the Heritage of Folk Literature in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

我国民俗学拥有丰富的民间文学体裁学遗产,这个遗产是明清时期形成的。明清民间文学体裁具有上中下三层文学交叉发展的综合特征,又能凝聚民间社会力量,雅俗共赏,能量极大,曾引起当时知识界的广泛关注。他们还参与创作和从事理论评论,这使民间文学体裁的命名、分类和社会评价方式都开始产生了变化,不过这种变化承担着社会功能。到了"五四"时期,对民间文学体裁的关注变成了文化运动,并促成向民俗学学科建设的方向转变。我们今天研究民间文学体裁史的目标在于指出它对于民俗学建设的两个意义,一是从文学三层观转向文化三层观,有助于中国民俗学找到自己的理论方向,建成一门研究社会文化的科学;二是使民俗学与民间文艺学始终保持密切联系,其中,民间文艺学的文本研究要依靠体裁学,民间文艺学的文化研究则要在民俗学的框架下进行,两者共同构成民俗学人文科学的建设模式。

Chinese folkloristics enjoys abundant heritage of genre study of folk literature and arts,which has been in shape since the Ming and Qing dynasties. The Ming and Qing folk literary genre has a comprehensive feature on the cross development through three levels from the lower to the middle and the upper. It also unites civil society forces and suits both refined and popular tastes. Its great significance attracted wide attention of intellectuals at the time. They are also involved in the creation and theoretical review, which brings changes to folk literary genre naming, categorization and the way of social evaluation, but these changes bear social functions. During the May 4th Movement period, the attention of the genre study of folk literature and arts turned into the new cultural movement and the focus was switched from genre study to the construction of disciplines. The study of the history of folk literature genre today aims to point out its two meanings for the construction of folklore. One is turning from three-level literary view into cultural view, which helps Chinese folkloristics to find its own theoretical direction, completing a study of social and cultural sciences. The other is to maintain close contact between folkloristics and the study of folk arts, in which the text study of folk literature relies on the genre study and the cultural study of the folk literature is carried out in the framework of folkloeristics, both together constitute the building mode of folkloristies of the humanities.