论抽象非法取证行为——从“防冤意见”第8条切入

The Theory of Evidence-Collecting Behavior with Abstract Potential Illegitimacy——Based on the Article 8 of The Opinions on Preventing Criminal Misjudged Cases

抽象非法取证行为的实质是对于程序违法取证行为非法性的"拟制",其构成要件包括"符合特定的程序违法类型"与"不存在非法性阻却事由",其主要类型是一个增量而非定量。同程序性制裁理论相比,抽象非法取证行为理论能够更好地解释当下我国的非法证据排除规则,尤其是其中的非法言词证据排除规则。同瑕疵证据理论相比,抽象非法取证行为理论在操作上更加简单明了,将两个理论整合起来,可以很好地指导对程序性违法取证行为的规制。抽象非法取证行为理论是一个过渡性理论,随着取证行为非法性的实质向程序非法性倾斜,其可能逐渐被程序性制裁理论吸收。由于抽象非法取证行为对于证据的排除刚性有余而弹性不足,在设定程序违法取证行为类型和非法性阻却事由类型时须格外审慎。

The essence of the evidence-collecting behavior with abstract potential illegitimacy is the legal fiction about the illegitimacy to procedurally illegal evidence collection behavior. The constitutive requirements of it include certain kind of procedural illegal evidence collection behavior and the substantive illegality possibility. The main types of it will most likely grow in the future. Compared with the theory of the procedure sanction, the theory of the evidence collection behavior with abstract potential illegitimacy can better explain the China＇s exclusionary rule of illegally obtained evidence. Compared with the theory of the defective evidence, it can be used to complement each other to establish a better system of theoretical guidance. This theory is a transitional theory. It is so solid that people should be extra careful of setting the type of illegal evidence collection behavior and the type of elimination of illegality.