国际生产分割、专业服务与失业:发展中国家观点

International Fragmentation,Specialized Services and Unemployment:A Perspective from Developing Countries

本文根据Dixit和Grossman(1982)及Kohler(2004)的多阶段生产架构与Akerlof和Yellen(1990)的公平工资机制,建立一多阶段生产的失业模型。文章在探讨国际生产分割现象对发展中国家非技术劳动市场的冲击时发现:(1)存在要素密集度逆转情况下,非技术劳工工资下降,移入发展中国家的制程并未如预期的那样令该国劳工受益。(2)若专业服务的规模经济程度和部门内的个别要素替代弹性都充分大,国际生产分割现象可降低该国的失业。(3)非技术劳工或社会对于公平的偏好程度虽不能改变失业的变化方向,却可以强化失业变动的效果。(4)只要移入发展中国家的新增制程,其相对专业服务的密集度低于该国整体制造业,则国际生产分割现象并不必然导致该国非技术劳工工资下降。

Following the framework of Dixit ＆ Grossman （1982）/Kohler （2004） and the fair wage mechanism of Akerlof and Yellen （1990）, this paper sets up a multistage production and unemployment model by explicitly incorporating specialized services with economies of scale to investigate the impacts of international fragmentation on the market of unskilled labor from the view point of developing countries. It shows that： （1）In the presence of factor intensity reversal, international fragmentation when developed countries shift manufacturing processes abroad leads to a decrease in the wage of unskilled labor of the home （developing）country, that, not as expected, hurts the unskilled workers. （2）The impact on the unemployment rate is determined by the degree of economies of scale and the sizes of elasticities of factor substitution; if they both are sufficiently large, international fragmentation may reduce the rate of unemployment. （3）Although the extent of preference for fairness cannot alter the direction of change in unemployment, it can reinforce the effect of change in unemployment. （4）As an extension by embedding the home country into the world system, fragmentation may not necessarily lead to a lower wage for the unskilled workers when the manufacturing processes shifted in are unskilled labor intensive relative to the whole manufacturing industry in the home.