新公共管理背景下国外国家公园管理改革的经验与启示

Management Reform by Foreign National Parks Under the Background of New Public Management Movement: Experiences and Inspiration on China

上世纪末到本世纪初,在各国国家公园维护费用不断上涨的同时,新公共管理的思想逐渐深入人心,呼唤政府部门提升管理效率。美国、加拿大、南非等国的国家公园分别采取了建立企业预算系统、与企业合作筹集资金、推动雇员接管以及加强精细化管理等改革措施,激励基层公园管理机构有效提升管理效率。文中介绍和分析美国、加拿大、南非国家公园管理改革措施与经验,指出建立完善的行政管理体系、推动市场化改革、针对不同类型的景区及服务实施多样与精细化的管理是其改革成功的关键,提出了加强我国国家公园(内涵上包括国家森林公园、自然保护区、风景名胜区等)管理的建议。

From late 1990s to early 2000s, while the maintenance cost of national parks were on rise, the concept of new public management calling for government departments to improve management efficiency has been widely accepted. National parks in the United States, Canada, South Mrica and other countries have taken a series of reform measures to promote management efficiency by park management offices, including the establishment of budgeting system, funds raisings in cooperation with enterprises, promotion of employee takeover, and strengthening refined management, etc. This paper introduced and analyzed the reform measures and experiences that the United States, Canada and South Africa took and accumulated in their national park management reforms. It was argued that the key factors to the success of the reform are to construct a sound administration system, to promote market-oriented reforms, and to implement diverse and refined management for different types of parks and services. The suggestions for increasing the management of national parks （ connotatively including national forest parks, nature reserves, scenic spots, etc. ） in China were put forward.