独立公投、国家主权与国际法——理论基础及全球实践视角下独立公投的国际法检视

Independence Referendum,State Sovereignty and International Law——International Legal Review of Independence Referendum from the Perspective of Theoretical Foundation and Global Practice

独立公投作为民族自决原则的重要实践方式,在国家理论与国内法、国家主权与国际法、实践效果与时代需要等三个方面都有其充分的合法性及理论基础。考察国际法维度上的独立公投全球实践,分析62个国家或地区进行的87次独立公投,它们在公投时间、公投法律依据、公投结果、国际社会承认、公投国家或地区四个方面,呈现诸多特点。通过对独立公投机制的国际法理论检视,可以得出结论:独立公投的国际法基础应是原主权所有者的同意或违法阻却;民族自决原则下独立公投的行使主体应不限于"民族";独立公投的适用对象不应包括主权归属存在争议之领土;国际社会应当促进独立公投从国际法进入国内法成为一项公民权利。

Independence referendum, as an important practical means for the principle of national self-determination, contains sufficient legitimacy and theoretical origin in domestic law or international law from the perspective of three aspects including theory of state and domestic law, national sovereignty and international law, as well as the practical effects and the needs of the times. With inspection to the independence referendum practices across the globe on the dimension of international law, 87 independence referendums held in 62 countries or regions show many characteristics in four aspects including the time, legal grounds, results, diplomatic recognition of the international commuand the countries or regions of the referendums. Through the of independence referendum mechanism, we can draw the premise of independence referendum should be the consent international legal theoretical review following conclusions： the international law of the original sovereignty owner or its illegal deterrent; The subject of the independence referendum under the principle of national self-deter- mination should not be limited to ＂peoples＂; The applicable objects of independence referendum should not include disputed territories; The international community should promote the internationalization of independence referendum from the international law into domestic law as a civil right.