武则天入纪公案与“正统”论

The Complicated Case of Wu Zetian Being Included in the Basic Annals and the “Orthodoxy”

是否将女皇武则天安放在《本纪》,史家争讼不已:德宗时期,沈既济上书《论则天不宜称本纪议》,声讨吴兢,公案肇起。然李唐基本上对则天保持"接纳"态势;自《旧唐书》开始,情感上的放逐已经彰显。范祖禹同司马光因此问题的决裂,表明放逐之声已占主流。公案的实质在于是否认可则天的帝王身份。而史家又在"实录"与"正统"的关系上出现了分歧:欧阳修在卫道的同时,还要考虑为当朝皇权寻找合法的依据,故采取既接纳又放逐的体例形式;范祖禹完全接受沈氏放逐则天的主张,批评实录只是纯粹纪实,不合"春秋之义",绝非"正统"。终唐之世能够接纳则天入纪,因为她挑战"正统"成功,终于被"正统"接纳。但她在征服"正统"的同时,却又回归"正统",此即"正统"力量下女人的宿命。

Historians have argued whether the Empress Wu Zetian should be put in the Basic Annals.During the reign of Emperor Dezong of Tang,Shen Jiji submitted 'A Discussion against Including Wu Zetian in the Basic Annals',in which he denounced Wu Jing,and the case thus arose.However,the imperial court of the Tang Dynasty had been maintaining a tolerant attitude toward Wu Zetian.Then in the Old Book of Tang,this changed.The rupture between Sima Guang and Fan Zuyu reflected this debate.The essence of the case was whether to endorse Wu Zetian's identity as an empress,and historians were divided on the relation between 'true record'and'legitimacy'.Ouyang Xiu was also searching for a basis for the legitimacy of current dynasty while defending traditional moral principles,so he adopted the approach of both endorsement and rejection.Fan Zuyu,however,completely accepted Shen's stand of exiling Wu Zetian,arguing that the so-called'true record'was by no means the'legitimacy'as it did not meet the essence of The Spring and Autumn Annals.Because Wu Zetian successfully challenged the 'legitimacy',the Late Tang Dynasty finally accepted her and recorded her in the Basic Annals.Yet she returned the'legitimacy'while conquering it,and that was just the destiny of women under the power of'legitimacy'.