从私人语言论证到物理主义纲领:维特根斯坦与维也纳学派

From the Private Language Argument to the Programme of Physicalism: Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle

近年来,在有关物理主义的研究中,私人语言论证与早期物理主义之间的关系问题引起学界持续关注。在早期物理主义者那里,至少出现了四个不同版本的私人语言论证,分别为:维特根斯坦版私人语言论证、耐德-卡尔纳普版私人语言论证、纽拉特版私人语言论证以及石里克版私人语言论证。对这四个不同版本私人语言论证的分析则表明,一方面,虽然对私人语言的理解存在明显分歧,但是早期物理主义者却共同坚守着同一个物理主义纲领:物理语言是普适的(universal)。另一方面,也正是由于这些分歧,直接导致了早期物理主义者对该物理主义纲领的理解存在差异。对此的梳理和分析,不但有助于揭示这些一致与分歧究竟在多大程度上影响并塑造了我们今天关于物理主义的理解,而且有望推进我们关于物理主义的更深入思考。

In recent years, the relationship between private language argument （PLA） and physicalism has aroused sustained concern to the academic circles. Actually, there are the four different versions of PLA in the early stage of physicalism. They are Neider-Carnap＇s PLA （NCPLA）, Wittgenstein＇s PLA （WPLA）, Neurath＇s PLA （NPLA） and Schlick＇s PLA （SPLA）. In this paper, the four PLAs will be discussed. Our discussion will show, firstly, the premises and procedures of the four PLAs are obviously different, but they all agree on one and the same programme of physicalism, viz. physical language is universal. Secondly, although the four PLAs agree on one and the same programme of physicalism, but, actually, the different PLA supports the different conception of physicalism. Lastly, our discussion also can show how the pro and con in the early stage influent our present understanding of physicalism.