唐代吏部平判入等科与选举研究

Studies on Imperial Examination of Fair Judgment Examination by Tang Dynasty Ministry of Civil Personnel

平判入等科是在吏部铨选试判的基础上,逐渐演变成一个独立科目,面向选限已到人的试判两节,优于授官,最早见于咸亨四年。武则天糊名试判,进一步规范了平判入等科,开元十八年学士试判制度的实行,确立了甲、乙、丙、丁分等制。平判入等科虽不及博学宏词科、书判拔萃科崇重,但因此科取人数目较前者多,因此科及第解决释褐问题人数更多,平判入等及第释褐官总体高于进士和制举科目出身的释褐官。同样,由于此科的取人人数优势,其对士人的迁转影响也超过了博学宏词科和书判拔萃科,此科登第后的授官是结合其登科等第、此前的出身和前任官的综合因素授官,一般授予基层和中层官中的清显职位,且不少人物因此位居卿相,对中晚唐铨选制度影响深远。

The Fair Judgment Examination had been becoming an independent examination based on the selection, examination and judgment by the Ministry of Civil Personnel. It was open to those who were in the limited date of exam and selection, and who had a priority of appointment of official position, which happened in 672 BCE. The method of covering the names of candidates gave a norm in such exam in a further way. Though it was not so important as the examinations of Great Learning, or the one of Elite Judgment, it selected more civilians to become officials. As a result, it had more influence, owing to the greater number of candidates. The officialdom position offered to those who passed the examination was accorded by whose exam result level, which was divided into four levels as A, B, C, and D, and his original position class. Normally, they are appointed to low-level or middle-level officials, and not a few had become the highest level official later. It had a far-reaching influence on the middle and late Tang Dynasty imperial examination.