中国南部基塘区农业模式的变迁与凤眼蓝的入侵

Changes of the dike-pond agricultural pattern and water hyacinth invasion in southern China

为了探究凤眼蓝(别名凤眼莲,Eichhornia crassipes)入侵中国南部基塘区的主要原因,对历史文献与档案资料进行了综合分析,结果表明:凤眼蓝在中国大陆的出现早于1930年。1911年后,凤眼蓝曾入侵浙江省杭嘉湖平原水网河道。凤眼蓝也是1911年以来珠江三角洲地区十分常见的水生植物。1911–1980年,基塘农业是浙江省的杭嘉湖地区和广东省珠江三角洲地区的典型农业经营模式,凤眼蓝在这两个地区都曾被用作有机肥。20世纪50年代末至70年代,长江流域曾推广凤眼蓝栽培技术,对凤眼蓝进行了大规模的养植,但1950–1980年的广积肥运动控制了凤眼蓝的繁殖速度和规模。1980年以来,基塘地区成为长江三角洲和珠江三角洲城镇化与工业化快速发展的区域,传统的循环农业经营模式普遍被废弃,同时,基塘区河网湿地水文生态环境的改变是凤眼蓝入侵中国南部基塘区的主要原因。

Aims In order to explore the main reasons and the invasive processes of water hyacinth （Eichhornia crassipes） in the dike-pond district in southern China, we reviewed and comprehensively analysed the historical documents and files on the water hyacinth concerning the latest research progress on its invasion ecology. Methods We obtained the data through searches and reviews of relevant historical documents and files. Important findings We found that water hyacinth invaded water networks and channels of the Hangzhou- Jiaxing-Huzhou plain from 1911, and was a common aquatic plant in the Pearl River Delta region since 1911. The dike-pond system was a typical organic cycling farming system in the two regions between 1911 and 1980, when farmers generally used water hyacinth as organic fertilizer. Although local government extended cultivation tech- niques for water hyacinth from the late 1950s to the 1980s and farmers increased water hyacinth production in large scales, the species was still contained. However, the dike-pond ecological farming systems between the Changjiang River Delta and the Zhujiang River Delta were widely abandoned because of the rapid urbanization and industrialization, and the water environments of the wetlands deteriorated since 1980. These are the main reasons for the situation of aggressive water hyacinth invasion in southern China.