华北平原土壤剖面质地构型对小麦产量的影响研究

Impact of Soil Profile Texture Pattern(SPTP) on Wheat Yield in North China Plain

华北平原是一个河流冲积而成的平原,土壤剖面层次质地分异明显,土壤剖面在垂直方向上的质地层次不同排列影响作物产量,目前在这方面的研究甚少。本文基于河南省封丘县152个土壤剖面层次的颗粒组成和121个田块的连续两年小麦测产结果,应用模糊c-均值算法模型和地统计学模型,研究了土壤剖面质地构型与小麦产量间的定量关系。结果表明:研究区主要分布了8种土壤剖面质地构型,它们对应的小麦生产力水平差异较大。8种类型中,砂–砂–砂型小麦生产力水平最低,对应的分布区是小麦的主要低产区,土壤剖面全砂性质地是导致小麦低产的一个关键因素,原因是砂性土壤不利于保水保肥,而且砂性土壤本身所含土壤养分很低。壤–黏–壤、壤–黏–黏构型是肥力条件较好的土壤,传统上称这种土壤为"蒙金地",小麦单产较高且稳定,是建设高产田的基础。砂–壤–壤、壤–壤–壤、壤–壤–黏构型是肥力条件最好的土壤,其小麦生产力水平最高。将小麦单产进行分级后研究发现,土壤剖面质地构型对<7 050 kg/hm2的中低小麦产量会产生影响,但对>7 050 kg/hm2的小麦高产影响不大。

As an alluvial plain, the layers of soil profile are significantly complex in North China Plain, crop yields may be affected by soil profile texture pattern （SPTP）, however, little information is available now on this issue. Based on the data of 152 soil profiles and wheat yield of 121 farm plots in 2008 and 2009, fuzzy c means （FCM） method and geostatistical model were used to study the quantitative relationship between wheat yield and SPTP. The results showed that there were mainly eight SPTPs in study area, which corresponded to the differences in wheat productivity. Among the eight SPTP patterns, wheat yield of the sand-sand-sand was the lowest, because sand soil showed poorly in retaining water and nutrients and its low nutrient contents, loam-clay-loam and loam-clay-clay were better patterns for high and stable yield. With highest level of wheat yields, sand-loamloam, loam- loam-loam and loam-loam-clay were the best soils for fertility conditions. The influence of SPTP will be expressed when wheat yield below 7 050 kg/hm2.