海南黎族药用兰科植物的民族植物学研究

Ethnobotany of Medicinal Orchids by Li Nationality in Hainan Island

通过在海南昌江和白沙黎族自治县的实地调查、访谈,结合文献与标本鉴定,归纳整理了黎药中兰科植物的种类、用法、用途和药用部位,同时采用评分排序法定量地评估药用兰科植物资源的潜在价值。结果表明：海南黎族草医使用的兰科植物有36种,分属于23个属;种类最多者为石斛属,多达7种,其余的每个属有1-3种;专性附生型的兰科植物种类最多（20种）,其次是兼性附生型和地生型（各8种）。在黎药中主要利用兰科植物假鳞茎、全草、根部,使用方法主要是用水煎服,占84.6%;其次是用于外敷,占33.3%。21种兰科植物具有较高的评分值,是黎族常用的种类,具有疗效好、记录较完整的特点。其中,血叶兰（Ludisia discolor）、石仙桃（Pholidota chinensis）、大序隔距兰（Cleisostoma paniculatum）、石斛（Dendrobium nobile）、半柱毛兰（Eria corneri）、黑毛石斛（Dendrobium williamsonii）、美冠兰（Eulophia graminea）、流苏金石斛（Flickingeria fimbriata）评分值较高,建议优先开发应用。

Species diversity of the medicinal plants used by Li Nationality has been investigated by using ethnobotanical research,such as visiting Li healer,reviewing literature and documentation.There were 36 species belonging to 23 genus distributed in Bawangling Mountain.Dendrobium has the highest number of species（7species）,and the others vary 1 to 3 species.Among these orchids,twenty species are obligate epiphyte,eigth spices are non-spot epiphytic type and eigth species are terrestrial type respectively.Medicinal part（bulbs,whole plant or roots） being used and its usage were diversified among healers.Specifically,84.6% species were decocted in water for oral dose,and 33.3% were used externally.Exploitation value of these orchid species were quantitatively evaluated by using scoring method commonly used in ethnobotany.Twenty species including Ludisia discolor,Pholidota chinensis,Cleisostoma paniculatum,Dendrobium nobile,Eria corneri,Dendrobium williamsonii,Eulophia graminea,Flickingeria fimbriata should be given priority in exploitation their medicinal usage,according to their effectiveness in curing diseases and their number of presence in Chinese classical medicinal literatures.