美国的卫星出口管制改革

US Reform on Satellite Export Control

为了维护美国卫星技术优势,从而确保经济优势和军事优势,美国把商业卫星及其部件列为"军火",受《国际武器贸易条例》控制,对其实施严格的出口管制。但是,美国的做法没有阻止其他国家的太空事业发展,也没有阻止盟国发展不受《国际武器贸易条例》约束的卫星,反而导致本国太空工业的国际市场萎缩,国家安全风险增大。为此,美国政府试图尝试对卫星出口管制政策进行改革,把商业通讯卫星及其部件从国务院管理的《美国军品管制清单》转移到商务部管理的《商业管制清单》,但是,却仍把诸如载人的亚轨道、轨道飞行器等商业航天器、为在轨卫星提供服务的商业航天器列为军火。

Satellites are dual-use products,that are both economic boosters and force multipliers. In order to maintain its superiority in technology and ensure its economic and military dominance,the United States treated the commercial satellite and its parts as munitions,which are subject to the International Traffic in Arms Regulations( ITAR). However,these efforts failed to achieve the goals. Some countries have advanced their own space technology,some EU companies made ITRA-free satellites,and,consequently,US firms lost the share of global commercial satellite markets,hence increasing US national security risks. Under such a situation,the US makes efforts to reform the policy of export controls over satellites,by removing the commercial communication satellites from the United States Munitions List( USML) to the Commence Control List( CCL),but it still treats as munitions the commercial spacecrafts,including the manned suborbital and the crafts that can provide service for the satellites in the orbits.