民族地区财政金融政策的反贫困效应研究

Antipoverty Effect of Fiscal and Financial Policy in Ethnic Areas

贫困问题不仅仅是个经济问题,还是个重大的政治问题;如果贫困问题处理得好,则国家经济繁荣、政治稳定;否则,国家可能会因为贫困问题而走向衰败,甚至是灭亡;基于此,重视贫困问题已经成为全人类的共识。从我国的实际情况来看,受历史和现实等多方面原因的影响,民族地区已经成为我国贫困的重灾区,这在一定程度上制约我国经济的健康稳定可持续发展;要全面建成小康社会,早日实现中华民族的伟大复兴,必须高度重视民族地区的贫困问题。本文在剖析财政金融政策反贫困理论基础上,以我国五个省级民族自治地区的18个地级市1999-2012年的数据为例,实证民族地区财政金融政策的反贫困效应。理论分析表明:民族地区财政金融政策的反贫困效应,是通过财政政策、金融政策和财政金融政策的联动作用于民族地区第一、二、三产业的发展,拉动民族地区经济增长,进而减少民族地区贫困人口来实现的。在财政政策方面,国家重点从税收优惠、财政补贴、财政支出等方面着手,在金融政策方面,国家重点从利率政策着手,在财政金融政策联动方面,国家尤为重视两种政策不同功能的有机结合,竭力促进民族地区第一、二、三产业的发展,在确保民族地区整体经济稳步增长的同时,逐步减少民族地区的贫困人口。实证检验结果显示:民族地区财政政策、金融政策和财政金融政策联动效应的系数均为负且显著,说明民族地区财政政策、金融政策和财政金融政策联动效应的发挥对于民族地区贫困状况的缓解具有积极作用;同时,通过比较民族地区财政政策、金融政策和财政金融政策联动效应的系数大小还发现,民族地区财政政策的实施对民族地区贫困状况的影响高于金融政策,且民族地区在反贫困过程中所实施的财政政策对金融政策具有干预作用。基于此,要切实有效地解决民族地区的贫困问题,需要在完善当前国家针对民族地区反贫困的财政金融政策基础上,与时俱进,出台更具针对性的财政金融政策,重视财政政策和金融政策的导向性、激励性,也要重视财政金融政策联动所带来的正向效应。

Poverty is not just an economic issue, but is a major political issue. If poverty is well handled, economic prosperity and political stability of the country will come; otherwise, the decline of the country will appear, or even perish. So, paying attention to poverty is necessary. Taking China as an example, the ethnic areas of China are very poor because of historical and practical reasons, and it has restricted the sustainable development in China in some extent. In order to build a moderately prosperous society and achieve the great rejuvenation of Chinese nation, the poverty problem should be reduced. Based on the fiscal and financial policy of poverty alleviation, this paper has made related empirical analysis, and used the data about 18 prefecture-level cities of five provincial-level ethnic autonomous regions in China, from 1999 to 2012. The theoretical results show that： the anti-poverty effect from the fiscal and financial policy in ethic areas can promote the economic development and reduce poverty through the development of the primary, the secondary and the tertiary industries, by the fiscal policy, the financial policy and the fiscal-financial policy. On the fiscal policy, the country has paid attention to tax incentives, subsidies, expenditure, especially, and on the financial policy, the country has paid attention to the interest rate policy ; what＇s more, the fiscal-financial policy emphasizes the different functions of the policy. In a word, the aim of all policies is to change the industrial structure, to develop the economy and to reduce the poverty. The empirical results show that the fiscal-financial policy has a significantly positive effect to the poverty, and the fiscal policy has a higher effect. In order to solve the poverty problem in ethic areas effectively, it＇s necessary to improve the current fiscal and financial policy about the poverty alleviation in ethic areas; at the same time, the more targeted fiscal and financial policy should be made, and it＇s necessary to pay attention to the orientation and incentive and the linkage effects of the fiscal-financial policy.