先秦儒家身体观及其体育思想的阐释与反思

Confucianism on the Body-thinking and Sport in the Pre-Qin Dynasty

以孔子、孟子、荀子为代表的先秦儒家,在身体观上一脉相承,主张身心相合,强调心对感官肢体的节控作用。他们对于身体的理解建立并影响了传统儒学审视身体的基本维度,同时也决定了国人对于体育运动所特有的文化心态。受其身体观的影响,先秦儒家的体育思想表现出如下特征:先秦儒家主张"心"对身体的主导地位,贬低力的作用,批评单纯以满足感官刺激、流连忘返的体育活动;先秦儒家倡导"礼"对身体节制作用,强化射、御等体育活动的仪式性和规范性,从而将其教化和示范作用加以延展;先秦儒家持有的"省身"、"修身"传统,也让体育活动充满了内省、自律的意味。

As Confucian representatives in the Pre-Qin dynasty,Confucius,Mencius and Xun Qin kept the same strain on the body-thinking and advocated body-mind consistency with emphasizing the role of the mind on the body controlling.They not only established the basic dimension of body-thinking for the later Confucians,but also determined Chinese people＇s cultural attitude on the sport.Affected by their body-thinking,Confucius,Mencius and Xun Qin＇s thoughts on sport exhibit the following characteristics：advocate the role of the mind on the dominance of the other parts of the body,belittle the force and strength,and critic on pursuing in sensory stimulation and sport;control body activities with courtesy,pay more attention on the normative rituals of archery and carriage driving and extend their effects on education and demonstration;hold the idea of carrying on self-criticism routinely and keep sport develop on the road of introspection and self-discipline.