摘要
木里藏区的社会演变及民主改革是20世纪中叶川滇藏区民主改革的典型事例。旧木里社会虽系政教合一,但政主教从,土司掌握大权,八尔家居于特殊地位。解放后,木里地区废除了33种负担,调整了债务,耕地实行谁种谁收谁负担,变相实行农民所有权。木里社会之所以能有这些变革,除社会制度改变外,关键在于人民政府实行"赎买"政策,安置中上层人士,给予薪金或粮食补助;"包"了众喇嘛的生活费用,资助寺庙的活动费用,为尔后开展民主改革创造了条件。木里开展的民主改革只是事实上承认农民的土地所有权,解决寺庙及喇嘛的土地及枪支问题,调剂富农出租的土地,解放奴隶等。但是即使具备实行"温和"改革的社会条件,改革仍遭致个别中下层人士的反对,出现叛乱。这说明藏区改革是彻底改变旧制度的行动,局部的反对难以避免,要坚持及维护改革,只能平息叛乱。
The social evolution and democratic reform in the Muli Tibetan area was a typical case of the democratic reform conducted in the Tibetan areas of Sichuan and Yunnan in the mid- 1950s. After liberation (1949), the Muli region abolished 33 kinds of burdens, adjusted debts, and implemented a farming system which stipulated "he who cultivates, should receive the harvest", in other words, a system was implemented con- cerning the rights of the peasants. The reason why Muli society could conduct such kind of reform was that in addition to changing the social system, the people' s government implemented a " redemp- tion" policy. They provided political positions, salary or food subsidies for the local people from the middle and upper classes, "ensured" the living allowance of the Lamas, and gave financial support for the temple activities. All of these actions created conditions for future democratic reform. The democratic reform in Muli acknowl- edged the peasants' ownership of land, handled the land and weapon issues of the temple and the Lamas, adjusted the rich peasants system of renting land, and liberated the slaves, etc. As such, the reforms had many achievements. However, even though social conditions were good for conducting a "moderate" reform, democratic reform still encountered opposition from some individuals from the middle and lower classes. Hence, some rebellion appeared. This indicated that the reform in Tibetan areas was a kind of action aimed at completely changing the old system Therefore, it was hard to avoid the opposition in some areas. Thus, if reform were to be upheld and maintained, the rebellions must be quelled. In tracing back the history and the reform process of Muli, we can see that it clearly reflec- ted that changing the old system; eliminating ex- ploitation and oppression; and liberating slaves was the path for the development of Tibetan socie- ty. In fact, even part of the upper classes of the ethnic groups was aware of this trend. They knew that the system would change, and that they must adjust to the new trend. Compared with other Tibetan areas, the democratic reform in Muli was a classic case, which was carried out based on " redemption", and a low "degree" of reform. The so-called "redemption" refers to the arrangements made for the upper classes--in addition to providing them with salary, they were also provided with food subsidies. Moreover, the government also provided food for the Lamas and ensured their daily life needs. They provided necessary funds for the temples to maintain religious activities, then, carried out the reform on this basis. In addition to liberating the slaves, the reform also included reducing burdens and debt remissions, recognizing the fact that "he who cultivates should receive the harvest", and making some adjustments according to the practical situation. This did not happen in other Tibetan areas; it was a special aspect of Muli society during that time. However, the reform process in Muli indicated that even such kind of " moderate" reform would also be resisted by some of the feudal lords, even to the extent of their carrying out rebellions and armed resistance; and murdering cadres, soldiers of the liberation army or general public. The appearance of this rebellion proved that even "moderate" reform would be resisted, because what the democratic reform tried to change was the old system, and what the reform touched was the root of the system. Moreover, the rebellions ap- peared before reform. This kind of phenomena was widespread in the Tibetan areas of Yunnan and Sichuan at that time. Hence, this raises the question as: whether the rebellions were caused by reform, or whether the rebellions advanced reform How should we regard or evaluate the armed rebellion that took place before the democratic reform? Moreover, in looking at the composition of the leading insurgents, the main rebels were from the middle and lower classes; few people from the upper class were involved in the resistance. This phenomenon also appeared in other Tibetan areas. Hence, it was a " general characteristic ". We know that the People ' s Government ' s " redemption" policy mainly targeted the upper classes. In other words, the most important "representative people" got a relatively good settlement or subsidies, and the people from the middle and lower classes were encouraged to make their living by labor. After all, the positions in the government, the People' s Congress and the Political Consultative Conference were limited, and the funds were also limited. Hence, it was impossible to " feed" the majority among them. Although they were provided with land, allowed to keep their houses, farming animals and large agricultural tools, were they willing to accept and make a living from laboring? This is an issue that was not included when the government elaborated on democratic reform, and is something which is now necessary to recognize and analyze.
出处
《民族学刊》
2014年第4期24-40,112-113,共19页
Journal of Ethnology
基金
国家社科基金项目"川滇藏区民主改革研究"(项目编号:11BDJ001)的阶段性成果
关键词
木里
社会演变
民主改革
叛乱
Muli
social evolution
democratic reform
rebellion