论无证据能力的证据——兼评我国的证据能力规则

On Evidences without Competence:A Review on China's Rules of Evidence Competence

"无证据能力的证据"这一概念在证据法学研究尤其是在关于证据能力问题的研究中显得分外重要,是研究证据能力问题时一道绕不过的"坎"。在我国证据法学研究体系中,提出并研究"无证据能力的证据"这一概念,还有着更强的现实意义和针对性。对于我国刑事诉讼法和司法解释中规定的"无证据能力的证据",可以根据不同的角度和标准,将其区分为如下不同类型:完全无证据能力和受限制无证据能力的证据;全部无证据能力的证据和部分无证据能力的证据;绝对无证据能力的证据和相对无证据能力的证据;因无关联性而无证据能力的证据和因无合法性而无证据能力的证据。我国关于证据能力的立法和司法解释具有以下几个特点:相对全面性和一定的进步性;本土化特征突出;实用性强而体系化不足。影响或者说决定证据之证据能力的主要因素:一是证据的关联性;二是证据的合法性。但来源不明、明显缺乏可靠性的物证、书证,也应当归入无证据能力的证据的范畴。同时,我国个别证据规则对证据能力的设定过于严苛,阻碍了部分证据进入诉讼程序。为此,应当强化立法、规范用语并降低证据的准入门槛。

The concept of ＂evidences without competence＂ is very important in the study of evidence law, especially in the study of evidence competence, and it can＇ t be sidestepped. In China＇ s evidence law research system, the concept of ＂evidences without competence＂ has a more realistic meaning and pertinence. The arti- cles of ＂evidences without competence＂ in China＇ s Criminal Procedural Law and judicial interpretations can be classified into the following types according to different angles and standards： completely or limited without competence; entirely or partly without competence; absolutely or relatively without competence; relevance- caused or legality-caused without competence. Some characteristics of evidence competence articles exist in China＇ s law and judicial interpretation, which are comprehensiveness and advancement, prominent indigeniza- tion and outstanding practicability but lack of coherence. The main two factors deciding the evidence compe- tence are relevance and legality. However, those evidences which have uncertain source and lack of reliability should belong to evidences without competence, too. Meanwhile, some evidence rules are too severe to be ac- cepted into procedure. To solve these problems, the legislati should be normalized and the admittance threshold should be on should be strengthened, the language of law lowered.