唐长安大明宫朝堂功能新探

An New Study of the Imperial Administration's Function of the Daming Palace of the Tang Dynasty

朝堂的历史渊源可以追溯到西周,然其正式设置应该是在西汉时期。朝堂之制历代皆有,但到唐代却发生了较大的变化,主要表现在两个方面:一是朝堂的具体方位发生了变化,以前皆建在皇宫正门之外,至唐大明宫兴建时却建在了宫内主殿之前;二是其功能发生了较大变化,由前代的九卿治事与百官议政的场所,变为百官议政、举行重大典礼、百官候朝、举行册礼、上表与待命的场所,同时还具有宴集、待罪、鞠狱、行杖、决死、举哀等一系列功能。根据其性质,大体可分为百官议政、候朝之处、政务活动、礼仪活动等四个方面。朝堂的地理方位由宫门外向大明宫含元殿前转移,是唐朝对古制改变的一种反映,有利于增强其安全性与议政的保密性。

The wellsprings of imperial administration could be traced to the West Zhou dynasty,and then it was officially founded in the Western Han dynasty.Every dynasty has imperial administration system,while in the Tang dynasty it experienced obvious changes.The changes demonstrated in two aspects：firstly,the location of imperial administration alters,from the outside of imperial palace＇s portal to the front of the Daming Palace＇s main hall.Secondly,its function had tremendous changes.In the beginning,it＇s only the place to negotiate national affairs.Later on,it adds more functions,such as holding formal ceremonies,becomes the shelter for government officials to wait for imperial administration,place to hold coronation ceremonies,etc.It was also a place of banquet,waiting for punishment,hearing a case,corporate purnishment,execution,and mourning.This changes strengthened the security and the privacy in discussing national affairs.