唐代陵户再探

A Re-exploration of Graveyard-keeper Families in the Tang Dynasty

唐代陵户设置的人数在史籍中有"400人"和"3 000户"的不同记载,推测400人当出自3 000户,在陵寝分番上下。有关陵户的规定并未体现在"令"中而应该是在"式"中。陵户主要职掌有守卫、洒扫、筑坟三项。陵户在开元十七年前身份是官贱民,类似官户;之后成为良民,类似"庶士",属内职掌。不过,其身份又低于一般百姓,与"太常寺音声人"相近,终身服役,受束缚较重。到唐晚期,又有雇佣"守当夫"的出现。

The Number of appointed graveyard-keeper families in the Tang Dynasty occurred in different historical records to be ＂400 people＂and ＂3 000 families＂. It is supposed that the ＂400 people＂should have come from the＂3 000 families＂,who were divided into upper and lower classes. The regulations for the graveyard-keeper families were not written in The Decrees but should be contained in The Ceremonies. The graveyard-keepers were responsible for guarding,cleaning and building tombs. They were untouchables before the 17 th of the Imperial title of Kaiyuan,similar to officials families,later became law-abiding people in the charge of domestic affairs department,similar to＂lower workers＂. However,their status,nearly equivalent to dogsbodies of the music department,was lower than common people who served as official closely-controlled slaves all their lives. Down to the late Tang Dynasty,however,there appeared the employed ＂graveyard guards＂.