州县内外:清代关中县域商业发展与商铺数量考察

The Interior and Exterior of States and Counties:An Investigation of Development and Number of Businesses in Guanzhong Counties in the Qing Dynasty

清代是陕西地方经济发展的一个重要时期,也是地方专业性生产与地域经济格局形成期。关中地区作为陕西的精华荟萃之区,是商业经济发展具有代表性的地区,出现了一些典型的手工业、商业性城镇与市镇。但总体发展水平上,专业市镇的商品集散能力有限,与县级城镇相比仍有距离,而整体县域商业市场的分布格局仍以县城为中心,形成放射状、分散型小型村镇市场普遍分布的格局,这一点与江南、华北不同,也是陕西商业经济发展的一个特点。就商铺数量来讲,限于统计资料缺乏,据宣统《陕西全省财政说明书》的捐税记录,大体估算出了一些州县级城市的商铺数量,最多者达400余家,少者仅30余家,一般平均在100家左右。

The Qing Dynasty was a critical period of time when Shaanxi local economy gained great development and local vocational production and pattern of regional economy took shape. In Guanzhong,the assemblage of Shaanxi＇s bests and representative in business development,appeared several typical handcraft and business towns and cities. By the general level of development,however,those vocational cities had only limited capacity of commodity collection and distribution,lagged behind the county towns,and the sites of counties were still the centers of commercial market,forming a scattered and radiating pattern of small-size town and village market. As for the number of businesses,according to the records of tax payment in The Provincial Financial Description of Shaanxi in the imperial title of Xuantong,it is estimated that the average number of states and counties in Shaanxi was approximately 100 with 400 at most and 30 at least.