论证评估语用规范的复兴

The Revival of the Pragmatic Standard of Argument Assessment

亚里士多德的分析方法、论辩术和修辞学提供了不同的论证评估规范,其中既有语形、语义方面的规范,也有语用方面的规范。之后,语形方面的有效性规范和语义方面的真值规范得到了广泛认可,语用规范却淡出逻辑学家的视野。直到20世纪下半叶非形式逻辑兴起,逻辑学重新关注日常生活的论证,论证评估的语用规范才得以复兴。这种复兴主要体现在五个转变上:从静态结果到动态程序或过程、从零主体到多主体关注、从真值标准到可接受性标准、从"必然得出"到充分支持、从语句到语境。

Aristotle＇s analysis method as well as his dialectics and rhetoric provide different argument evaluation standards, of which include not only the language shape standard and the semantic meaning standard but also the pragmatic standard. Later, the effectiveness standard of the language shape and the true value standard of the semantic meaning became popular, however, the pragmatic standard faded out from the view of the house of logic. Until the late of the 20 th century when the informal logic rose and logic focused on daily life argument again, the pragmatic standard of argument assessment was able to revive. The revival mainly embodied in five changes： from static product to dynamic procedure or process; the main concern from zero body to multiple body; from the true value standard to acceptability criteria; from inevitability to sufficiency; from the sentence to the context.