明代多籍宗族的形成与赋役承担——以福建晋江沿海地区为例

Formation of Multi Households Clan and Taxes and Corvee in the Ming Dynasty:Take Jinjiang Coastal Areas for Example

明初以来,福建晋江沿海地区灶户编佥、军户登记及垛集、抽籍等都未设定明确的地理范围,使得当地出现灶户、军户和民户杂居共处,甚至一家多籍的现象。与之相应,当地明代所建宗族普遍拥有灶、军、民等户籍。多籍宗族往往形成多个赋役团体以应对各类赋役,赋役的具体承担方式则与户籍的构成情况相关。一般而言,由独立登记户籍的各支派构建的宗族,赋役归各派独自承担;由同时登记了军、民、灶等户籍的人群构成的宗族,赋役由族人通过多种协议共同应对;户籍若由不属于同一宗族的群体构成,户下多个宗族或势力必须共担赋役。户籍登记与赋役负担之间的关系,也可能因势豪将赋役摊给弱小群体而改变。

Since the early Ming dynasty, the coastal areas of Jinjiang Fujian had not clearly defined and set geographical scope when they conscripted Zaohu, Junhu in various ways, which caused a mixture of Zaohu, Junhu and Minghu, even all be integrated into one family of multi households. Correspondingly, the local established clans often had several households as Zaohu, Junhu, Minghu, etc. The multi households clan often formed multiple groups to meet the requirements of various taxes and corvee, and its commitment linked to its identify accordingly. Generally speaking, the clans formed by all the tribes of independent registered household took the related taxes and corvee; the clans established by groups of simultaneously registered different households of Junhu, Minghu and Zaohu etc. , would jointly cope with the taxes and corvee through various protocols. If the household dominated and governed by group of different clans, the joint clans or forces should share the taxes and corvee. This connection between household registration and taxes payment may change if the powerful bullies force powerless groups to bear the taxes and corvee.