无意识目标启动的定义、机制及应用

Unconscious Goal Prime: Definition, Mechanism and Application

无意识目标与社会态度、刻板印象和图式等一样,是行为的满意状态或结果在个体头脑中的一种表征,包含有目标设定、追求情境和追求手段等内容。这些内容能够被环境中的刺激自动激活,在意识不到的情况下影响人的心理和行为。无意识目标启动的概念和其他心理表征的启动不同,无意识目标启动能够促使带有动机性的行为出现,启动线索的影响不会随着时间的推移而消失。无意识目标启动的自变量与自身心理状态和环境中他人的影响有关,无意识目标启动的因变量与任务表现和社会关系的处理有关。"知觉-行为模型"、"无意识行为选择模型"、"评价准备模型"和"情感因素模型"能够分别从"无意识"和"目标"两个角度对无意识目标启动的心理机制进行解释。无意识目标启动原理在商业、教育、医疗等领域当中有着广泛的应用前景,为了更好地完善理论研究和进行实际应用,今后应该更加重视无意识目标启动的脑机制研究。

Similar to social attitude, stereotype and schemata, unconscious goal is a kind of representation in individuals＇ brain which reflects the satisfactions to and results of behaviors, including goal setting, context and means of goal pursuit. The unconscious goals can be activated by stimuli coming from the environment, and thereafter affect human＇s behavior without the participation of consciousness. The definition of unconscious goal priming is different from priming due to other psychological representations. Unconscious goal priming is able to induce motivational behavior and the effect of priming cue does not fade over time. The independent variables of unconscious goal priming are related to the subject’s psychological states and the influence from others. The dependent variables of unconscious goal priming are related to the performances of tasks and the social relationships. The“perception-behavior model”,“unconscious behavior choice model”, “evaluation preparing model” and “affect factors model” explain the psychological mechanism of unconscious goal priming from the perspectives of “unconscious” and “goal”. Unconscious goal priming can be applied to a wide range of fields such as business, education and health care. In order to advance the theory and application of unconscious goal priming, the researches related to its neural mechanism should be emphasized.