2013年安徽省农村环境卫生健康危害影响因素调查

Investigation on current status of environmental health hazards in Anhui rural areas,2013

目的了解和掌握安徽农村改水改厕情况,垃圾、污水处理及媒介生物防治现状,为政府及相关行政部门制订农村环境卫生改善政策措施提供依据和支持。方法按分层随机方式抽取24个县,480个行政村和2 403户,通过查阅资料、访谈、现场观察、实验室检测等方法获得监测数据。结果2013年安徽24县农村集中式供水人口比例46.04%,卫生厕所普及率为35.9%。县级污水处理设施匮乏,且主要覆盖县城城区人口,农村地区大量生活、工业及养殖业污水随意排放,未能进行及时有效处理。大多数的调查村无专兼职保洁员,未开展"灭四害"工作。89.3%的调查户房屋周围有病媒生物孳生地。480份土壤样品中有126份检出蛔虫卵,检出率26.3%,其中有84份检出活卵,活卵检出率17.5%;31.9%的镉含量超出国家二级土壤标准。结论安徽农村环境卫生现状不容乐观,存在各种影响人群身体健康的危险因素,需进一步采取各种有效措施改善农村环境卫生现状。

Objective To understand the current status of water and sanitation improvement, garbage and sewage treatment, and vector control in Anhui province, and provide the basis for the government and relevant administrative departments to formulate rural sanitation improvement program. Methods 2 403 households and 480 villages in 24 counties were selected by proportional stratified randomized sampling. Data were obtained through information collection, interviews, field observation and laboratory testing. Results The coverage rate was 46.04%for access to centralized water supply and 35.9%for access to sanitary latrines in 24 rural counties in Anhui. There was a lack of wastewater treatment facilities in rural areas and mainly covered township residents. Large number of domestic, industrial and aquaculture wastewater was discharged arbitrarily without timely and effective treatment. There were no full-time or part-time cleaner and no actions of eliminating the four pests in the most of the villages surveyed. 89.3%of households surveyed were found vector organism around the house. For the 480 samples, 126 samples were detected with Ascaris eggs and 84 samples with living eggs. The detection rate of Ascaris eggs and living eggs were 26.3% and 17.5%,respectively. Cadmium contents in 31.9%of soil samples were higher than the grade two of environmental quality standard for soils. Conclusion It was not optimistic on environmental sanitation in Anhui rural areas. There were various risk factors impacting on population health and more effective measures should be taken to improve the environmental sanitation in rural areas.