国际合作的类型学:社会交换理论的视角

Typology of International Cooperation:a Perspective of Social Exchange Theory

国际合作的类型学是国际关系的基本理论问题。本文依据社会交换理论设立两个维度——动机并由此形成的关系属性与国家的权势对比,把国际合作划分为四种基本类型,分别为横向表达型、横向功利型、纵向表达型和纵向功利型。其中,合作的动机包含功利性和表达性两个方面,而国家的权势对比包含横向和纵向权力结构,纵向权力结构特指权威型而非强制型等级制。如此划分国际合作的类型具有重要的理论和实践意义,就理论层面而言,有利于对国家利己本性、无政府状态、自助等国际关系的基本假定、概念或推论进行反思,并且能突破中国学术界依据功能领域、行为主体数量、关系作用范围等划分国际合作类型的初步分析;就实践层面而言,可以更为有效分析国际关系实践中资源交换的特征并为国家实现关系进化提供一定政策指导。

Typology of international cooperation is the basic issue of IR theory. This paper, by setting two dimensions according to social exchange theory--the motivation or the property of relations/power structure, divides international cooperation into four basic types, namely horizontally expressive, horizontally utilitarian, vertically expressive and vertically utilitarian. Among them, the motivation of rela- tions contains utilitarian and expressive, and power structure contains horizontal and vertical. The vertical structure means hierarchy of au- thority rather than coercion. This kind of typology has important theoretical and practical significance. Its theoretical significance lies in causing reflections on some basic IR assumptions/conceptions/inferences, including self-interested/anarchy/self-help, and breaking through the existing typology made by Chinese academic community in terms of functional areas, the number of actors, scope of relationships. Its practical significance lies in more efficiently analyzing the characteristics of resource exchange in IR and providing some policy guidance for nation-states to evolve their relations.