平遥古城传统民居形态特征的变迁及其类型:基于堪舆学的微观探察

THE EVOLUTION AND TYPES OF TRADITIONAL HOUSE MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PINGYAO ANCIENT CITY:A MICRO VIEW OF FENGSHUI STUDY

堪舆是中国独特的城市形态理论。作为聚落当中最持久、最稳定的形态要素,则为城市形态研究提供了一个可阅读的文本。本文以平遥古城为案例地,以堪舆文化为视角,通过田野调查、访谈与形态要素分析,对传统民居的形态变迁进行了详细考察和论证,总结了平遥古城传统民居的形态特征及其演化的三种类型,深入探讨了引起形态演变的原因。本工作不仅对基于西方城市形态理论的已有研究形成了有益互补,而且对平遥古城历史延续和文脉保护具有现实意义。

As a unique urban morphology theory of China, Fengshui affects some aspects of city, such as the location and lay-out of the city, the scale and decoration of the building. Traditional house is the longest-last and stable morphological element in settlement. As the matrix of historic cities, traditional houses provide a readable text for the research on urban morphology. This paper focuses on Pingyao Ancient City, takes Fengshui culture as a perspective, investigates and demonstrates the morphological changes of traditional houses by means of field investigation, in-depth interview and morphological analysis. By in-depth and comprehensive research, this paper finds that Fengshui culture has integrated into the context of the ancient city because of its powerful mold to the traditional house morphology, such as the north-south narrow long flat of the buildings, inward enclosed spaces, eight-dwellings layouts, decorations full of Fengshui imagery. Traditional house morphology is evolving constantly and among those factors which caused the evolvement, the conception of Fengshui shows its immediacy, intensity and endurance, it ran through different times and deeply affected the changes of the house morphology. By using a specific morphological theory of China to discuss the evolving features of traditional house morphology, this paper can enrich the west urban morphological research theory, form the morphological theory that suitable for the local cultural situation. It also has practical significance to the historical continuation and context protection of Pingyao Ancient City.