水葫芦生态净化工程对竺山湖底栖动物群落结构变化的影响

Effects of Ecological Purification Engineering of Planting Water Hyacinth on Macro-Benthos Community Structure

在解决了机械化采收、资源化利用的终端处理后,利用适应性广、生物量大、净化能力强的漂浮植物净化污染水体,成为当前受污水体、尤其是富营养化水体生态治理的有效治理手段之一。在常规控养水生植物净化水体的工程实践中,主要是在风浪扰动小的岸边或内河里进行,在湖泊等多风浪扰动的较大水体中进行控养水生植物、净化水体的工程实践尚不多见。因此,根据江苏省通过种养水葫芦(Eichharnia crassipes)净化太湖受污水体的治理要求,江苏省农科院在太湖竺山湖中央水域连续进行了放养1000亩水面水葫芦的生态净化工程。本研究主要针对这种工程措施下,通过2011年控养水葫芦后研究其对水体环境的影响及底栖生物群落结构和多样性的变化。结果表明,软体动物(主要是铜锈环棱螺)的平均密度从远离到种养区内分别为15.13、15.63、22.63 ind·m-2,生物量从远离到种养区内分别为17.00、17.60、25.50 g·m-2,密度和生物量表现为种养区内要高于种养区外围;种养区内寡毛类(主要是霍甫水丝蚓)和摇蚊幼虫类的密度和生物量的变化表现为远种养区>近种养区>种养区内,表明以水葫芦为代表的漂浮植物规模化种养后,对底栖环境有一定的改善效果;然而,短期内的控养水葫芦进行水体生态治理,不能立即显现出明显的改善效果,尤其是对于太湖这样一个浅水、多风浪扰动的大水体,更需要长期、持久的多措施并举才能起到效果。利用Shannon-Weaver和Simpson指数来评价底栖环境,水体仍处于重度污染状态。因此,短期内规模化控养水葫芦生态净化工程措施未表现出对底栖生境及底栖生物的不良影响。

It is one of the effective ecological measures of management of purifying the polluted water body by using the floating plants, which has the wide adaptability, large biomass, strong purification ability, especially the eutrophication water, after solving the mechanized harvesting, recycling use of terminal processing. The conventional ecological engineering practice is mainly in small water body or inland rivers, which has the obvious purification effects for no wind disturbance. But controlled planting the aquatic plants in large water body to purify the polluted water is still rare now. According to the instruction and requirements of Jiangsu Province, the ecological effects of planting 67 hectares water hyacinth （E. crassipens） in Zhushan Bay, Lake Taihu, which is one of the polluted lake water purification measures in Jiangsu Province and mainly planted by Jiangsu Academic Agricultural Science, on macro-benthos population and structure and benthos environment, were studied during 4-11 month in 2011 with consecutive surveys. Results indicated that average density mollusca （the main species were Bellamya aeruginosa） in far-planting, near-planting and planting area was 15.13、15.63、22.63 ind·m^-2,respectively, and biomass was 17.00、17.60、25.50 g·m^-2,respectively, showed that benthos biomass in planting area was higher than that the others. However, the average density and biomass of Oligochaeta （the main species were Limodrilus hoffmeisteri） and Chironomidae in planting area were lower than that outside of planting area, and it demonstrated that the benthic environment gradually improved after controlled planting the floating plants. It indicated that the ecological engineering management through planting water hyacinth couldn’t show the obvious purification effects of polluted water in a short time, especially in a shallow, wind disturbance of large lake, and it need long-term, lasting approached to reach the purifying goals. The index of Shannon-Weaver and Simpson indicated that water environment was severe polluted state. On the basis of the survey results, the large-area and high-density planting water hyacinth haven’t demonstrate adverse impact on macro-benthos and benthos environment in short planting time.