国外气候与能源政策相互作用的研究述评

Review on Climate and Energy Policy Interaction Abroad

在《联合国气候变化框架合约》和《京都议定书》的背景下,各国对减少温室气体排放越来越关注,由此产生了诸多能源和气候政策。然而,这些政策之间的相互作用是高度不确定的,既有可能相互补充和加强,也有可能相互干扰甚至破坏各自的目标,因此亟需引起学者们关注。在大多数情况下,气候政策与能源政策并非完全冲突、重叠,也不是互相加强,而是介于两者之间;基于此,不同的气候与能源政策具有并存的合理性。本文对近年来国外相关研究进行文献梳理,尤其关注碳排放交易体系与能源政策的相互作用。本文从两个气候与能源政策的相互作用着手,主要分析碳排放交易体系与碳税/能源税、碳排放交易体系与能源补贴、碳排放交易体系与可交易绿色证书/可交易白色证书之间的相互作用,随后拓展到多个气候与能源政策相互作用。最后,本文对已有研究进行评述,并指出未来有待解决的问题:大部分定量研究主要关注某个国家或区域的电力部门而忽略了碳排放交易体系所涵盖的其他部门;一些研究主要采用静态模型,忽略了最优化模型的动态路径,即没有考虑经济增长、配额需求模式、碳价格波动、配额的储存等因素;大多数气候与能源相互作用的研究中,并没有将碳排放交易体系的具体政策设计考虑在内。

In the context of UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol,more and more countries pay attention to greenhouse gas emission reduction,which leads to introducing a lot of climate and energy policies.However,it is highly uncertain for the interaction of these policies,some of which will be complementary and mutually reinforcing,and some of which will interfere with one another and undermine the objectives of each.Therefore,it is necessary for the researchers to focus on policy interaction.In most cases,the interaction among climate and energy policies are neither completely conflicting and overlapping,nor mutually reinforcing,but fall in between; thus there are rationales for the coexistence of climate and energy policies.This paper makes a review on current related studies,especially on the interaction between carbon emission trading scheme and energy policy.Firstly,this paper analyzes the interaction between two policies,mainly focusing on carbon emission trading scheme and energy/carbon tax,carbon emission trading scheme and energy subsidy,carbon emission trading scheme and tradable green certificates （TGCs）/ tradable white certificates （TWCs）.Then it extends to multiple policy instruments.Finally,this paper makes a conclusion on the existing studies and points out the further research direction.There are the following problems to be solved：Most quantitative researches focus on the power sector in a specific country or region while other sectors that carbon emission trading scheme covers are omitted from the analyses.Besides,some researches use the static models while they ignore the dynamic pathway for the optimization models ; that is to say,economic growth,allowance demand patterns,price volatility,and allowance banking are not accounted for.Last but not least,most studies on climate and energy policy interaction do not take the detailed policy design of carbon emission trading scheme into consideration.