论清末的中学、中学生与中学课程

Secondary schools,school students and coursebooks by the end of Qing dynasty

近期出现两则清末"高中"开设"选修课"的新闻报道,倘以专业眼光对之追根溯源,不难发现:清末学制并无"高中"之设,中学分设初中、高中始于1922年颁行的"壬戌学制"。清末中学的学生成份复杂,既有从小学或私塾里升上来的少年,也有因废科举而弃旧从新的士子,这就给课程的设置和安排增加了难度。清末中学的课程设置分为12个门类,每学年所设学科及其程度、学时都有严格规定,无"必修"、"选修"之说。后来学部试行文、实分科,但分科制并非选科制。1922年"壬戌学制"才首次在制度上规定中学实行选科制。清末的中学、中学生和中学课程是特定时代的历史产物,以之影射现行的中学课程设置是极不合适的。

The writer argues that there is no senior high school by the end of Qing dynasty,and the secondary school is divided into junior and senior high schools since 1922.The students are of different sources,which adds to the toughness of the 12 divisions of curricula.Subjects,credits and class hours are all clarified,but there are no compulsory and optional courses.Later,there are art and pragmatic courses.And the credit system is enforced in the school system of 1922.