晚清蒙古教案研究——以宁条梁案为中心

Study on the Mongolia Church Case in the Late Qing Dynasty:Taking the Ning Tiao Liang Church Case as an Example

鸦片战争后,随着基督教对蒙古各部渗透增强,清廷传统的保护蒙部政策随之废弛,行之有效的政策尚未形成。宁条梁等教案爆发再度导致清廷应对蒙部变局措手不及,在各国势力胁迫下,清廷只能对蒙部问罪,包括迫使蒙部赔款、允许基督教在蒙部自由传播、要求蒙部承担保护教堂义务等。这些做法给蒙部和清廷都带来了恶劣影响,使得蒙部信仰空间彻底向基督教开放、牧地日益丧失、部众日益贫困、对清廷亦恶感渐生。清廷也开始忽略蒙部重要性,贱视其传统宗教信仰,力行压制之能事。此等失策给了沙俄渗透蒙部可乘之机,清廷同蒙部矛盾终未解决,最终导致蒙部部分地方乘辛亥革命之机,脱离清廷独立。

After the Opium War with Christian permeation enhancement of Mongolia in the Qing Dynasty, the traditional Mongolia protection policy of the Qing Dynasty was lax, effective policy had not formed. The outbreak of the Ningtiaoliang Church Case knocked the late Qing Dynasty off-balance again. The Qing court had to denounce Mongolia in the pressure of international forces： to demand an indemnity from Mongolia tribes, to allow the free dissemination of Christianity in Mongolia, and to obligate the Mongolia to assume the obligation of protecting the church. Such behavior had brought bad influence to the Mongolia and the Qing government： the Mongolia turned to Christianity for belief, the Mongolia rangeland decreased dramatically, the Mongolia public became poorer and poorer and the Mongolia was more offensive to the Qing government. The Qing govemment also began to ignore the importance of the Mongolia, ignore their traditional religious belief and tried to suppress the Mongolia. These missteps offered an opportunity for the tsarist Russia to penetrate all Mongolia during the late Qing. The conflict between the Qing government and Mongolia ultimately failed to be solved, which eventually led to part of Mongolia declared independence from the Qing Dynasty by taking the chance of the Xin Hai Revolution of 1911.