试析明代地图中的女真地区

An Analysis of the Jurchen Region in the Maps of the Ming Dynasty

涉及女真地区的明代地图,现存近50幅。根据制图区域可以分为世界地图、全国地图和区域地图等三种形式。根据地图中女真地区的信患表现程度,可以将之划分为三个阶段:洪武至正德年间,所记内容多因循元代地图,地图标识以金元的行政建置为主;嘉靖、隆庆年间为新老交替时期,除元代地图传统外,开始添加明朝的元素;万历至崇祯时期,有关女真地区的各种元素,如自然景观、民族源流、女真各部,都成为地图的标绘对象。明代地图的这种转变实际上是由明朝与女真的关系所决定的。只有待到努尔哈赤崛起,明朝地图才给予女真地区以大量关注。

According to the region,the existing nearly 50 maps of the Ming dynasty involving the Jurchen region can be divided into three kinds of forms,i.e.,the world map,national map,and regional map.And based on the information of the Jurchen region,these maps can be divided into three stages;from Hongwu to Zhengde,the contents always inherited the traditions of the Yuan dynasty and used the administrative construction of the Jin and Yuan dynasty;from Jiajing to Longqing,it meant a transition period because the elements of the Ming dynasty were added to the traditions of the Yuan dynasty;from Wanli to Chongzhen,various elements of the Jurchen region,such as the natural landscape,origin and evolvement of the relative tribes,and tribe of the Jurchen,had been the important parts of those maps.In a sense,this kind of transition in the maps in the Ming dynasty was decided by the relationship between the Jurchen and the Ming dynasty.In fact,only at the time of Nuerhachi were more attentions paid to the Jurchen region by the maps of the Ming dynasty.