身体锻炼对认知老化的延迟作用:来自脑科学的证据

Delay Effect of Physical Exercise on Cognitive Aging:Evidence from Brain Science

认知老化是指个体进入老年期后认知功能的衰退过程,即与年轻时相比,老年时的认知功能出现的衰退现象,认知老化的发生是有其脑基础的。身体锻炼对延缓认知老化方面的作用逐渐受到重视,并且在脑科学研究方面也积累了丰富的证据。(1)身体锻炼通过对某些大脑结构的重塑来影响认知老化,经常参加体育锻炼对于老年人维持大脑灰质和白质容量、白质完整性等方面均表现出积极作用;(2)身体锻炼可以促进与认知功能相关脑区的激活以及功能网络的联结,以维持老年人的认知功能;(3)身体锻炼还可以通过提高大脑神经加工效率来影响脑功能,进而对延缓认知老化起到重要作用。未来研究需要关注身体锻炼对执行控制以外的其他认知功能相关脑区结构以及激活的积极影响,探讨身体锻炼促进大脑特定脑区之间相互作用的机理以确定身体锻炼对脑功能网络的积极影响,综合使用ERP和f MRI等技术以探讨认知老化相关脑区的特定时间和空间机制,细化锻炼项目设计以确定不同锻炼处方对脑结构和功能的影响等方向。

Cognitive aging refer to the process of the decline of cognitive function in old age, which has brain basis. The delay effect of cognitive aging by physical exercise has come under attention, which was proved by a wealth of evidence in brain science. First of all, physical exercise reshapes some of the structure to influence cognitive aging. Physical exercise has positive effects on maintaining brain gray matter and white matter volumes, white matter integrity for elderly. Secondly, physical activity can promote the activation of the brain regions associated with cognitive function and functional network connections to maintain cognitive function in the elderly. Thirdly, physical exercise can improve neural efficiency, which can influence brain function and delay cognitive ag- ing. Future studies need to focus on the effect of physical exercise on other cognitive function besides executive control and its brain mechanisms, the mecha- nism of physical exercise promoting brain function network brain connection, integrated using technologies such as ERP and fMRI to explore specific time and space mechanism of cognitive aging cerebral regions, refined exercise project designed to determine the effects of different exercise prescriptions on brain structure and function.